Kants Ethics vs Utilitarianism Essay

The two ‘core’ ethical theories covered in class that I started to assess are the categorical imperative and utilitarianism, both of which offer an approach to decision making in the context of social and interpersonal relationships. In this with in depth understanding of both that Kantian ethics is much easily appreciated than the ethics of utilitarianism as Kantian ethics apply to everyone yet both ethical approaches lead to faults. Utilitarianism is the moral theory that brings upon the greatest happiness. This theory illustrates that right actions as said to be right as they endorse happiness to someone or a group of people whereas wrong as they uphold unhappiness. Kantian ethics on the other hand puts a persons benefit before the greater good, that is people never should be used as means only but means to an end. Both Kant’s ethics and Utilitarianism greatly analogize between each other as Kant is deontological which means that someone ought to do things because they are right, as it is duty and that in itself makes it right. On the other hand Utilitarianism is based on consequence as someone should act to bring the greatest good to the greatest number of people. Utilitarianism does not care if the greatest good/benefit is brought with someone’s manipulation, lies or coercion. Kant’s ethical would disagree with this completely as If someone lies then it becomes universal law that everyone would have the right to do the same thing. Ethical implication arise from Kant’s ethics even if this in my opinion is a more logical means that a person should consider in ethical decision making. Suppose for example you would lose your friends for telling the truth in a given situation, Kant’s ethics says you shouldn’t lie what so ever because it is you duty not to do so would bring unhappiness and here utilitarianism would differ completely. Another situation where Kant’s ethics would coincide with itself is for example if a woman was trying to hide from a guy that was trying to kill her and you decided to help that woman by letting her stay in your house, few hours later the guy trying to kill that woman come knocking on your door asking about her whereabouts. Here with Kant’s ethics you can’t lie as it is your duty not to and it is also your duty to protect that woman you made a promise to earlier, in this situation one action must be chosen and this shows a major fault in Kant’s ethics. Utilitarianism has its benefits but requires much more effort to do than Kant’s ethics. There are two classical types of utilitarianism, which are act and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism is right only if the result of good is just as much or more than any other available substitute. Rule utilitarianism states that an act is right if the rule itself acceptance would lead to a greater utility for society that any other substitute then that act is right. The strength of utilitarianism comes in the fact of it offering a system that is absolute, giving us a potential solution to every situation faced. The second strength is that is seems to grasp the sense of morality even though the actions are come with deceitful like lying means it is for the greater good, uplifting the suffering in this world. Utilitarianism has its objections and can be problematic as different people have different thought on what happiness is and what pleasure is. One of the problems that arise from Utilitarianism is the no rest objection, for example if I wanted to sleep or go to the movies at those moments I could be trying to help poor people or saving the environment to promote more utility. Having my salary should mostly go into helping others as this brings upon the greatest good but as you see this theory does not make sense to why I shouldn’t make myself happy. Trying to help all the time with no rest becomes too demanding and this theory fails understand different obligations making utilitarianism a false doctrine to many.

Psychosocial stage of development Essay

According to Erickson’s psychosocial stage of development my age lies under the fourth stage i. e. industry versus inferiority. This stage starts from age 6 to 12 and in this stage a child is shifting from dependent circumstances to more independent circumstances. Like in this stage he becomes more desired to achieve something or to finish his tasks completely. He came out of that age of fantasy and became more responsible because after entering this stage a child starts learning new things, he knows if he’ll do well in school he’ll b admired by his parents as well as other people. If a child experiences the fulfillment of his achievements basically anything positive or constructive will easily be through by this crisis stage. On other hand he also knows that if he’ll b failed to complete his task then he will face criticism from family and others as well. If a child faces failure at his school responsibilities or even worse than that he is ignored and no one wishes to accept or develop his capabilities and strengths or not given a chance to discover their potentials then it’s quite obvious that a child would feel inferior or low and inadequate to do anything (Myers, 2009). Psychosocial Stage of Development Influences Behavior and Relationships: As per Erickson’s psychosocial stage of development my behavior and relationships are very much influenced by this theory of Erickson. Influences which can be seen according to Erickson’s psychosocial stage development on me were like when i start going to school at the age of three i have no idea that what will the situations i will be going through. My mind was not big enough to understand these things but as i got into junior high school i came across certain things which I have to handle by myself whether good or bad. Next thing was my relationship to my peers or companions which is based on some rules like if I am going to play some game like baseball i need a team to play with. This shows that I have developed a strong relationship through teamwork (Myers, 2009). Than if looking to my studies I have a certain group that studies along with me, if we have a homework given we do it regularly by which my behavior patterns got controlled and i get disciplined every year after. I went through all these things and finally i got hold on how to handle psychosocial crisis because having good relationship with your peer group and develop a good behavior can lead any person to the path of success. And if one person has made good decision at this level then he can easily be cautious about taking decisions on next levels or can say that he’ll easily be industrious (Cash, 2002). Positive Influence of Psychosocial Stage of Development: Positive influences which come out of my psychosocial stage development were that i have strong bond made between me and my peer group because we use to play and study and study together. By doing this we came across many victories which made us proud and give a sense of satisfaction that we can do something that can be appreciated by our families and other people as well. As this is the middle age in which a child wants to do things by his will without interfering of others. At my academic level things have been very positive for me as there is full support of my parents by which i have developed certain skill at my own. Like if you talk about behaviour i have made a timetable and put things which are suitable for me to do at certain time frame. My behaviour towards my studies would also be considered positive because i got support from my parents and also from my teachers which helped me in many ways(Cash,2002). Negative Influence of Psychosocial Stage of Development: Talking about negative influence of my psychosocial stage of development there are certain things which made me feel inferior when i was in the middle childhood stage were that when in school teacher used to say that you have to finish your lunch even if I am not that much hungry which made me feels awful many times. Regarding this food stuff which at my home also has been an issue for me was that in that middle childhood stage i use to see my mom cooking different cuisines for our family. Sometimes i also feel like to cook something for my family but my mother always use to lower my enthusiasm by telling me that I am too small to cook. This have been left a very negative impact on me and that’s why i still don’t know how to cook food properly because somewhere in my mind I have this complex that if I will cook something it would not be worth it(Cash,2002). Other Developmental Issues Influenced My Personality: Other development issues influenced my personality in such a way that when i was born i. e. when I am in the stage of trust versus mistrust, although i was too small to know that what happened with me at that time but looking to myself i can say that my family or my parents have taken very good care of me, because i don’t see any many negative points in my personality and it’s all because of my parents. The example of trust can be given that how much I am close to my parents. Next stage would be autonomy versus shame and doubt in which a child develops a sense of being a separate human being and wants attention that everyone knows him individually. Regarding this stage there are some negative aspects of my personality that after reaching to an age of three i still was not able to go to toilet by myself because i was not properly trained. So at that time this bring me shame that kids of my age are toilet trained but I am not. But on the other hand i was very much trained to do mess while I am having my food which helps me a lot handle spoon in my hand on my own. After that another stage come which is initiative versus guilt in which a child starts taking decision of his own that whether he wants to eat or not or what things he should do. This is the age which is also known as play age, when a child starts going to pre-school or nursery. In this age a child wants to start doing things on its own or wants to take risks. Like in this stage a child starts going to school and there he learns different things and skills. Like I have said my academic time has helped me a lot to develop my personality (Cash, 2002). If I have to experiment something which help me further then my teacher encourages me to excel my abilities and this helped me a lot in taking decisions in my afterlife. Regarding the stage which I have picked i. e. industry versus inferiority these above developments have influenced my personality till my middle childhood stage (Cash, 2002). Conclusion: If i have to say that how much influenced erickson’s psychosocial stage of development has made then to me its 90% correct that whatever he gives the theory can help people to understand their children if they are facing difficulties regarding their mood, behavior or actions. Through his theory people should know that a child cannot be treated forcefully he should get full time to develop himself. It’s been seen that people who went through the crisis of their early adulthood and resolved them successfully, they who are also successful in their adolescence. REFERENCES Myers, D. G. (2009). Psychology. Worth Publishers Cash, A. (2002). Psychology for Dummies. Hungry Minds Books

PC SPECIFICATIONS TABLE Essay

An U.S. Army Colonel talked (use another word besides talked or restructure the sentence so that you won’t have to use the â€Å"talked†) about Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment issues at the SHARP (what is sharp?) training meeting. (I think this lede is a bit vague and boring) In the battle against sexual assault and sexual harassment Col Howard Covington continuously work in sending the message that we are failing in this matter. â€Å"Working together is what can provide continuity of care to the victims and make them feel that they are not left behind† said Col Harold Covington, an Executive officer. He also indicated that commanders are responsible to establish a command climate that is safe to Soldiers soldiers shouldn’t be capitalize and civilians alike through training and education. â€Å"Many people had been hurt and many soldiers have not been held responsible for their acts because commanders are failing to implement the â€Å"zero tolerance policy† and allowing climate of harassment to continue in their units† said CPT Jen Taylor, a U.S. Army IG advisor. We all have a responsibility to take action to change our culture to eliminate an â€Å"enemy that lies within our ranks† responded Col Covington . We need to demonstrate through our words and actions the importance in this matter. CW2 this isn’t a recognizable title maybe it should be spelled outMichael Dilts, an HR officer said that to protect the victims and re-ensure they are not re-victimized must be a first priority in every command â€Å"we have the option of geographically separate the victim and the alleged offender† the victim has the preference to request her/his preferences. He added. This is very confusing and shouldn’t be a sentence but maybe added to the previous sentence or add more attributions SFC Angel Keen, a logistician NCOIC said, â€Å"I’d seen cases where the victim doesn’t have this option because commander prioritizes the mission first and not the victim situation.† SFC Terry Brown said â€Å"many sex harassment situations don’t go forward because there is not witness or proof that incident occurred, basically end in her word again his words.† He added, Situations like this are hard to resolve because you don’t want to hurt an innocent or you don’t want a harasser be free (this should be in quotations and why is the situations capitalized?). Col Covington responded, â€Å"Reporting procedures are very important and every individual need to know them. We are failing because many individuals don’t know what to do in a case of sexual harassment or sexual assault.† We need to continuously send the message to everyone that we are not tolerating sexual acts and our policy is in practice. CPT Taylor said, â€Å"How can we help those victims that failed to report sexual incidents because they feel blamed and they think that nobody will believe them.† Cold Covington responded, â€Å"We need to keep sending the message to the victims that we are here for support and to fight against sexual assault and sexual harassment acts.† CW2 Michael Dilts said all soldiers most be treated properly and succeed in an environment that allow them to achieve their best potential. The Army’s SHARP policies apply to everyone regardless of the ranks, age, gender, and are sexual orientation neutral. â€Å"An individual’s sexual orientation is a personal and private matter† he added. Army’s policy on sexual harassment covers Family members and soldiers 24/7. Suggestive comments are unwelcome, unwanted and sexual in nature constitute sexual assault and is a crime. Col Covington said, â€Å"We need to stop the quid pro quo and eliminate the hostile environment in our Army.† If we don’t start working in these two areas, we won’t be able to protect our soldiers. Sexual Harassment is a violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. Complaints are processed IAW AR 690-600 and 29 CFR Part 1614. Physical contact such as  grouping and fondling constitutes sexual assault and is punishable under UCMJ, and other Federal and local civilian laws. (this isn’t a good closing paragraph and I think this should be towards the middle of this article)

Lapping schemes and audting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lapping schemes and audting - Assignment Example It is much harder to scheme receivables because it directly relates to customer accounts, and any discrepancies and delinquencies are more likely to be noticed and further investigated. It is common for a frauder, in the midst of a lapping concealment, to â€Å"pocket† the monies from one customer and then use another customer to cover the account, and continue this pattern with other accounts, to avoid attention. However these scams can be tricky, and require the wrong-doer to keep organized documentation to keep track of the accounts they are frauding and the process can get quite complex.("Norton Group") If one can find these documents then the proof is ever-present. It therefore carries an element of risk. However, with point of sale employees it is much easier to deter, discourage, and prevent some fraud. With in-store employees having security cameras and updated computer programs that keep detail accounts that are difficult to bypass are quite useful. It is much harder to predict the actions of off-site employees and more covert actions within a company. However, it is suggested that businesses owners take the time to overview the transactions going on in their company. They cannot afford small, random, inconsistencies to go uninvestigated. The more vigilant a company is about being present and conscious of everything going on within the business then it is less likely employees, who are potential frauders, would be willing to take the chance. Collusion is defined as a secretive agreement between two, or more, individuals who knowingly agree to commit a deceitful act or an act of fraud. It is particularly difficult to expose this type of fraud because it is no easy task to find a single frauder, but exposing a team working together is all the harder.(Leisner) In order to detect and deter the act of collusion there are a few suggestions for businesses to consider. It is important to have regular disclosures of

Explain how the Emissions Trading Scheme impacts flaring of gas on the Essay

Explain how the Emissions Trading Scheme impacts flaring of gas on the United Kingdom Continental Shelf(UKCS) and comment on the effectiveness of this scheme - Essay Example asingly and progressively upholding measures aimed at controlling these emissions even as industry players have realised the economic benefits of preserving the vented gas (Gerner and Svensson, 8). Countries and organisations have are obliged to adhere to regulations governing emissions and which are based on Kyoto Protocol of 1997. In Europe the European Union (EU) has promoted the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) as variable model for its member countries that especially enhances CO2 preservation and the greenhouse effect. The oil and gas industry faces a number of challenges as it struggled to curb emissions within the United Kingdom Continental Shelf (UKCS) offshore industry. This includes fire, gas explosions, gas venting, and structural infrastructure collapse in its aging structures. Some of these calamities have had some fatalities on human life like the 1988 Piper Alpha disaster. Active legislative measures have been undertaken to curb this episodes within the industry with some noted success, however the nature of the rapid evolving industry and technology mitigate against some of these tactics. In the UKCS, the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is mandated to regulate the sector2. The HSE has set up an Offshore Division in a Hazardous Installations Directorate who is tasked as preventing major catastrophes and consequences while ensuring more stable working environment for the firms (HSE, 1). 1. World Bank Report estimates that this is adequate fuel to supply all of Germany and France consumption. In Africa the wasted energy can provide 50 percent of the continent’s electricity requirements. 2. The HSE is a UK agency more concerned about the safety of the more than 20,000 employees in the offshore oil and gas industry. The aging infrastructure still pose potential health hazard to the workers and environment. The United Kingdom Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS) was the precursor as the first world bid in a trade-wide greenhouse gas emission

Two Types Of Arguments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Two Types Of Arguments - Essay Example It should not be based on personal opinion (although there is always room to present personal opinions) rather a good argument would be based on facts, figures and data which can be supported by relevant research (Ramage & Bean, 1989). In fact, research is a fundamental part of any argument being made since it shows that a person has studied the topic in detail and the conclusions made by them are based on facts. The argument concludes with a summation of all the facts that support the argument and (if possible) refute the facts that go against the position being taken by the speaker/writer. In the conclusion, the person making the argument can also give his/her personal opinion if it is acceptable to do so. Normally such opinions can be given unless the rules of conduct expressly forbid them as in certain setting within a court of law (Ramage & Bean, 1989). With the summation, the position argument ends with a reinforcement of the thesis and the premise of the argument. This type of argument asks the writer/speaker to present a solution to a given problem or to convince the readers/audience to take some actions based on the proposal being offered to them. The central part of the argument is often emotional and people can be motivated into action by empathy, friendship, love, even fear and hatred. Despite the emotional element, a rational element is also necessary since it shows that the argument comes from a logical stand point and has the necessary factual weight behind it as a rational support (Fraigley & Lester, 2004). Such arguments are most commonly seen on TV news shows where different speakers may present different solutions for a hot topic. For instance, the war on terror or the situation in the Middle East may bring out different responses and different proposals from various individuals and they can argue about their plan being better than

The Positive & Negative Effects of Labor Unions on the United States Research Paper

The Positive & Negative Effects of Labor Unions on the United States Economy - Research Paper Example Households that have current union members positively view labor unions as having positive effects on American economy than those with former union members and those who have never been union members. People in different income levels observe that unions have positive effects on members’ benefits, working conditions and salary. On the other hand, the bureau for statistics for US says that households in current unions also believe that unions have a positive impact in workplace and US economy. 48% of union household members agree to this, while 34% of the former union members oppose it. In the US, workers who are members of unions receive more benefits at the cost of those who have no unions. However, it has been discovered that unions are fighting for the rights of member workers, but at the same time trying to reap large bundles of their own benefits. The worst problem is that this reduces the competitiveness of US companies in global markets and consequently the economy (Thomas, John, & Valletta, 2004). The authors further state that the benefits of union workers are derived from bargaining power of the union, monopoly, and the face of collective voice. It is clearly evident that labor unions are mainly good for US workers as opposed to the competitiveness of the economy. A research presented by Bureau of Statistics for US in 2009 shows that the rating in favor of labor unions is 45% and though at a low level, it is an expression of a positive view. The rating for business corporations is 47% which also indicates a favorable impression; drop is about a historic low. The expression of American view of labor union’s effects on wages and working conditions are mixed. 53% of them believe that they positively affect union workers’ benefits and salaries, while 17% argue that they have negative effects. The table below shows the declining

Case # 4 A Bullys Threat Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

# 4 A Bullys Threat - Case Study Example It is a manifestation the need of advice from others in situations of urgent attention (Woods & Wolke, 2003, P 387). We see this from the different recommendations suggested by the guard, assistant principal and the counselor. To make suitable decisions, it is imperative that we take into account all the details. It will ensure that we do not make hasty decisions ignoring other crucial information. It also creates a calm environment for proper decision-making. Mr. Milhoviak asked for advice on both occasions that they could not find Carl. If I were the principal, I would consider Carls record of fighting as a factor in making my decision. Brian says that he is sure that Carl will hurt him and his family. Reporting the matter to the principal may be due to other factors like student grudges, but Angie supports Brian claim. Carl is also fond of making threats. For instance, Carl goes to a rock concert with Angie and threatens a person in the front seat; it takes the intervention of a security guard to calm the situation. Angie says that Carl seems to be an angry person; angry people tend to get more involved in violence. Carl is missing and has made a threat; the decision the officials will make has to consider the fact that Carl is unstable. Carls situation gets complicated when the officials find out that he is not in class. Missing the fourth period leads to the conclusion that he is up to something considering he has threatened Brian and his family. Maybe he is going to carry out the threat. The situation at hand is delicate; a death threat is on the plate, the perpetrator is missing, Angies parents are out of reach and Brian and Angie are scared. If I were the principal on this event; firstly, I would make sure that Brian and Angie stay under my watch until I contact their parents. Secondly, I would launch a search party for Carl. Lastly, I would consult the school guard, counselor and select officials to

Choose from the list of topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Choose from the list of topics - Essay Example Just because a behavior is unusual to some, does not make it unusual to others. For example, Catholics can choose to attend their religious services once a week, not at all or every day, depending on the neighborhood in which they leave. While it might seem unusual to some to want to go to church every day, are they hurting anyone? As a Muslim, I am required by my faith to pray five times a day. May I choose to pray more? Of course I may, but if I were to pull out my prayer mat and pray more than five times a day, I may be seen as unusual. That does not, however, mean that I need to be treated for a religious disorder, because I am not harming myself. I can also pray more than five times a day while conducting my daily life without much interruption. Since unusual religious behavior is a rather broad term, I have used rather broad examples above. However, there are religious behaviors that are not only unusual, but harmful to a person physically and mentally. In some religions, there is a consumption of alcohol. If a person felt that by drinking the alcohol that was served until it was gone, they would become closer to their God, then this is a behavior that would not only be considered unusual but also harmful. Alcohol poisoning, drunkenness, and other factors must be taken in play. Another example to consider is a person who feels that they cannot and should not leave their house of worship, for any reason. A person that feels that only within those walls were they safe from death, fear, destruction, sickness, or any other factors. This, clearly, is not only unusual harmful mentally but also impedes living of their daily life, and therefore, the root cause of this behavior must be treated psychologically so that this person may resume their daily life. Temptation is, by its very nature, all around us. Every day we face temptation in varying degrees. Evil is all around us, and tries to tempt us into making the wrong decision; by being strong, we avoid the evil actions. We cannot, however, avoid the evil or blasphemous thoughts, from wishing the person that just cut off our car on the freeway would crash to glancing twice at the person that looks just a little bit better-looking than our significant other. Normal religious behavior is to accept the guilt for these actions and ask for forgiveness, after which we are forgiven and can go on about our daily lives until the next temptation pops up in our face. A person that feels that they must pray for forgiveness, even out in public, for the transgressions that have occurred should not be considered unusual, as they are simply practicing their faith and quietly asking for forgiveness. However, if a person was praying constantly, excessively, refusing to stop and wracked with guilt over the slightest transgression, that would be both harmful to them as well as prohibit them from living their daily life. They should then be treated for a religious disorder. Along those same lines, if a person felt that they were doomed to hell, becoming depressed and despondent because of what they saw as the many numerous transgressions that they had committed, they should be treated for a religious disorder. They have become a danger to themselves, sinking into deep depression and unable to live their daily lives as they are constantly dwelling on these so-called transgressions and what they see as a need for forgiveness. Persons in this state

Task 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Task 2 - Assignment Example At least 4 % of residents in Australia are suffering from diabetes i.e. 990,000 people. However, the rate has risen by a rate of 1.5 from 1990 hence, the need to make it a national priority. Pregnancies that are associated with diabetes are 44,000 women between 2005 to 2007 thus associated complications. Risk factors include overweight and obesity while people suffering have increased chances of cardiovascular diseases. Many funds are spent in treatment. 1,507 million dollars were spent in treatment between 2008 and 2009 (Cunningham et al, 8). Mental health is a large cause of disability accounting for 24 % of total years lost due to disability in Australia and is becoming increasingly apparent. An estimation of 3.2 million people in Australia has a mental disorder aged between 16 to 85 years. The mental health services report provides recent information on characteristics and activity of mental health care services. The mental and palliative care is responsible for analysing and r eporting mental health care service information contained in reports. However, mental illness has been associated with dementia, cardiovascular disease and alcohol abuse (Tempier et al, 2009). Australian government health priorities for a nursing profession have the aim of improving the health care outcomes of all members in the country and ensuring sustainability of the health system by the implementation of the National Health Reform Agreement. A registered nurse ought to show competence at the work place with appropriate skills and knowledge. He should have the abilities of working interdependently and show responsibility and accountability for their practice. A nurse ought to respect all and should be well trained. In the study, mental health and diabetes are the identified government health priorities. However, these will have some implication on the nursing priority influence on healthcare delivery. Diabetes implications call for the development of sensitization

Human Health and The Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Health and The Environment - Essay Example prove that in warmer temperatures, humans will live longer and avoid certain sicknesses .He further discusses the possible risks and benefits of warm temperature to the Americans, and analyses various factors that are in favor of his argument. The foremost positive effect of warm weather is that it results in the production of less ice and problems related to cold conditions. During winter, people have to work hard to remove ice from the roads, streets and subways. During cold weather, the American families face the problem of investment on winter suits, caps, and other items. They like moderately warmer climate because it reduces the amount of investment on winter items, room heating etc. Another benefit of the moderate warm weather is that it does not affect the economic activities like trade and commerce. The transportation sector prospers in this climate; but.on the other hand, cold weather affects it adversely. â€Å"Most economic activities would be unaffected by climate change. Manufacturing, banking, insurance, retailing, wholesaling, medicine, education, mining, financial, and most other services are unrelated to weather.† (Moore, 1998). Moreover, the laborers who are working in warmer climates are willing to accept low wages because they enjoy the benefits of the moderate warm weather. Both harmful and harmless insects flourish in relatively low temperature. On the contrary, moderate warm temperature keeps them away because they are not adapted to live in such conditions. One of the ideal situations that the insects can flourish is the depleted ecosystem. Only strict laws can control the encroachments upon the ecosystem and environment. â€Å"Despite the enormous growth in environmental law and regulation since the 1970s, much of the scientific information needed to ensure environmental protection is still missing.† (Wagner, 2004). The aspect of environmental protection must gain global attention and the implementation of laws must be monitored by an

Hans and the Romans Essay Example for Free

Hans and the Romans Essay The Hans and the Romans both had very fascinating views on their technology. While The Han’s attitude toward technology was viewed as a positive contribution to their society the Romans had positive views other Romans had negative attitudes. Every document has its own opinions on the way they appreciate technology some support which is making then look good, while some think it’s for low class people and not for government. In order to fully analyze Han and Roman attitudes toward technology it would have been helpful to have an additional document of an interview with a Roman laborer because all of the other documents were from higher class Romans who did not work with tools and such technology. Documents 1, 8 agree with each other because the upper class people believed that technology is great and is needed. Document 1 by a Han government official said that the empire needed to be protected more fully, because it’s the government responsibility. While document 8 by a Roman general and a water commissioner said that water is easy to use and is pleasurable, because he is sticking up for himself so he can look good. Documents 2, 5 and, 7 agree in a way that they all think upper class and government should not be at the use of technology, they believe that lower classes like peasants should be the ones dealing with technology. Document 2 by a Han government official states that tools were made way better by individual families like the lower classes than the ways made by government and upper classes, so he believes only lower class people should deal with technology not government. Document 5 by an upper class Roman political leader says workshops are horrible when they are controlled by government he would much rather have lower class do it because they are much better at it. Document 7 by an upper class Roman philosopher states that Technology belongs to the lower class because the upper class are too good and special to use such technology. Documents 3, 4 and 6 agree by the ways that government and upper class should be in control of such technology. Document 3 by an Upper class Han philosopher says that their work that they did help the make more revenue by getting the power of many animals and help increasing their money by 10 fold, so he thinks that government should control technology and he like the money and the recognition of his efforts . Document 6 by a Roman high official says that the roads that are built by the government are special, and that they have parallel height, with a beautiful appearance. So he agrees that government and upper class should control technology because they make great things out of it. Document 4 by the history of the early Han dynasty stated Ti Shih was an upper class governor that invented many things of technology and took great care of his people. The reason this is being stated is that so That the government can look good for technology. Romans and Han have very different opinions based on the way their empire is run and what the government and people do in it. The Romans and the Hans were both big empires that had many thoughts on the uses of their technology.

Role of Play in Enhancing Development

Role of Play in Enhancing Development Play is almost universally recognized as an integral factor in childrens learning and development. For example, Macintyre (2001, 4) quotes Isaacs 1933 description of play: Play is the crucial component in childrens development, and adds that everyone concerned with young children should recognise and value the different kinds of understanding developed through play (Macintyre 2001, 3-4). Although different play activities promote childrens in different ways, Keenan (2002) identifies a number of areas of development that are impacted or enhanced by play, including cognition, language and communication, social, and emotional. The recent Curriculum guidance for children from three through the reception year (Foundation Stage) ephasizes learning opportunities and experiences ; for example, the area of language and literacy was broadened to include communication and emphasized the importance of developing literacy through play and advocates play and exploration as a basis for literacy learning in the early years (Miller and Smith 2004, 122). Within the Early Years curriculum, role play is an excellent example of a play activity that promotes many areas of development. Before examining the ways role play promotes development in children, it is helpful to define both play and role play. Macintyre (2001, 3) defines play as activity that is enjoyable, gives pleasure, and undertaken by the player freely, that is, it can be abandoned at any time without blame. Play further has no preconceived outcome; the agenda can develop as play goes on (Macintyre 2001, 3). Additionally, play allows the player to develop skills which are important in non-play situations, such as development of social skills (Macintyre 2001, 3). Children around age three and four begin to enjoy imaginative role play in twos or small groups (OHagan and Smith 2004, 36). As a particular play activity, role play is a type of imaginative play, where children assume roles outside their real world place. Role play allows children to construct proximities between themselves and others in their lives. Piagets theory of development contends infants first engage in pretend play around eighteen months, acting out imaginary activities and using real objects to represent imagined objects, such as pretending a television remote is a telephone (Keenan 2002, 123). Children may participate in limited role play at this point if directed by an older person. However, cooperative role play, where children instigate their own roles and story line, are rarely undertaken by children before three years of age (Keenan 2002, 200). According to Vygotsky, children engage in pretend play roles beyond their current stage in life, such as taking on adult roles, such as a parent, teacher or doctor, or roles as adolescents or older children(Keenan 2002, 135). Through pretend play, children place themselves in a zone of proximal development, where they play at a level which is in advance of their real capabilities (Keenan 2002, 135) Cognitively, role play promotes development in several ways. First, it allows children practice in ordering their thoughts and develop understanding. Piaget believed that children were active agents of their own learning and that the major task for them was to develop an ability to organize experiences and learn from them in a way which enables them to make sense of the world (OHagan and Smith 2004, 10). Role play activities are the highest form of symbolic play, encompassing two types of cognitive operation which are necessary for conservation, namely reversibility and decentration (Umek and Musek 2001, 56). Children are able to freely leave the roles they take on, as indicated in the free participation concept introduced in the definition of play above. This reversibility indicates cognitively children are awareness that they can abandon their assumed role and return to reality at any time (Umek and Musek 2001, 56). The cognitive ability of decentration involves childrens understanding that the person in the role play scenario is really them, yet is also simultaneously the role undertaken (Umek and Musek 2001, 56). Cognitively, this means children must preserve the imaginary identity of toys or play materials despite the fact that they are perceptually and/or functionally inadequate (the issue being the conservation of identity) (Umek and Musek 2001, 56). In such pretend play, children learn that the objects they use can be separated from their normal referents, and that they can stand for other things (Keenan 2002, 135). This object will typically be similar in some way, such as size or shape, to the pretend object in the role play, causing the children to practice analogous thinking skills where they related an item not available to them to another available object (Keenan 2002, 135). The development of language and communication skills are recognized as closely linked to childrens thinking and conceptual development (OHagan and Smith 2004, 18). In addition to cognitive development, role play offers important development opportunities in the areas of language and communication. This can be intentional, such as when parents or other older players in the role play intentionally support vocabulary development by introducing names of things during the context of play (Keenan 2002, 154). However, the opportunity to talk and verbally interact with others in the role play further presents a powerful way of learning even when no intentional instruction occurs (OHagan and Smith 2004, 18). In role play, children learn to use language as a form of symbolic representation, and also communicate symbolically through dramatic play (OHagan and Smith 2004, 25). Such symbolic play encourages the development of language comprehension (Umek and Musek 2001, 56). Fantasy role play encourages explicit and expressive speech due to its symbolic nature. Role enactment and the use of various objects have different functions in play and in real life, therefore the child-player-must define these symbolic transformations verbally, so that they have a clear (recognisable) meaning and are comprehensible to his or her playmates (Umek and Musek 2001, 56). In this way role play promotes the communicative skills of its players. The symbolic elements of fantasy play, like role and object transformations, enable the child to use lexicographic meanings and explicit speech (Umek and Musek 2001, 56). Socially, role play typically involves several other children and/or adults. Keenan (2002) discusses Partens theory that such cooperative play is the most complex form of play, as it includes behaviours such as social pretend play where children take on pretend roles (Keenan 2002, 200). The children involved in the role play talk to one another as part of the play, developing their imaginative situations in a co-operative manner. Umek and Musek (2001, 56) report Smilanskys (1968) contention that role play activities promote the childs social development. When children use role enactment, they have to reach a consensus about the play theme, the course of events and the transformation of roles and play materials. This can only be achieved when individuals transcend their egocentrism and develop the ability to empathise (Umek and Musek 2001, 56). Children further build relationships with the other children or adults with whom they play. Although such relationships are often temporary, such play causes children to express a preference for certain friends and play regularly with them; during the Early Years period there is usually, but always, some preference for play with children of the same sex, but there is still a good deal of mixed play (OHagan and Smith 2004, 36). Role players share symbolic meanings with each other and assign imaginary roles in their pretend play, both providing opportunities for social development (Keenan 2002, 203). Co-operative pretend play also is usually based on the childrens understanding of the social rules of their culture (Keenan 2002, 135). Therefore, a child behaving badly in the role play will be punished by the child in the parent role. Vygotsky held that as such role play was an important context in which children learned about the social world (Keenan 2002, 135). Childrens play is constrained by the rules which guide behaviour in these roles, and, because of this, they learn about the social norms that are expected of people (Keenan 2002, 135). Role play can be an important component in childrens emotional development. Around eighteen months, the increase in language and symbolic thought allows some feelings to be expressed through imaginative play (OHagan and Smith 2004, 27). Prior to this childrens options were limited to physical displays such as crying, hitting, or facial expressions. This can promote childrens emotional development, as it allows them to learn to express their wants and needs, and become emotionally aware of the wants and needs of others. For example, role play can allow children to act out their fears, such as going to the doctor or being punished (OHagan and Smith 2004, 36). These fears might develop from an experience the child has had, such as having a painful injection at the doctors office, or a perceived fear, such as concern over anticipated punishment. Role play can also help chilren develop self-efficacy. Even young children have a strong desire to be right or successful, and will avoid areas where they expect to fail (Macintyre 2001, 4). However, if children can try things with no fear of failure they are more likely to stretch out and tackle things they might otherwise avoid (Macintyre 2001, 4). Since there is no defined end product, there is no fear or experience of failure. Children are empowered through the communication skills developed in role play, as they can express their feelings freely, can negotiate their wishes and needs and develop self-confidence and self-esteem (OHagan and Smith 2004, 18) This self-efficacy can both be encouraged in actions and in emotional expression; role play teaches children healthy and appropriate expressions of emotion. OHagan and Smith (2004, 38) studied groups of young children who viewed adults handling a situation, with each group seeing a different emotional response. One group viewed the adults as dealing with the issue by becoming angry and physically aggressive, and were later observed to emotionally deal with a similar situation in a similar manner, i.e. with anger and physical aggression. OHagan and Smith (2004, 36) contend this reinforces Banduras claim that children learn from models in their lives, particularly those they view as similar to themselves, who have a nurturing relationship with them, or who they perceive as powerful and competent (OHagan and Smith 2004, 39). Symbolic play, such as role play, should certainly form an important part of the preschool curriculum but preschool teachers should bear in mind that the quality of a childs play will be determined by general characteristics of development as well as by the play context (Umek and Musek 2001, 63). In the classroom, role play can be encouraged through the use of story and related play objects. For example, reading stories that include a kitchen and having a play kitchen available encourages children to first repeat the story through role play, then diverge and develop their own story lines. OHagan and Smith (2004, 58) present a typical classroom element, a home corner complete with dressing-up clothes and various objects for domestic play. Role play can be used for many learning purposes, such as to reinforce desired behaviour or assess childrens understanding of material. A teacher is trying to encourage sharing amongst her pupils. In this scenario, the teacher could role play with the children, demonstrating and reinforcing that sharing is a desireable activity. The activity could then be extended, with children being allowed to continue the play without teacher involvement, by later drawing pictures, and/or talking about the role play in a circle time or similar sharing opportunity. Finally, role play can also enhance a teachers evaluation of childrens attainments, as the children will demonstrate their abilities in a number of areas during a typical role play activity. In practice, children can achieve higher levels of individual cognitive functions (conservation, one-to-one correspondence, decentration) in their symbolic play than they demonstrate when the same mental operations are tested and measured in formal, non-play, situations (Umek and Musek 2001, 64). As such, observations and assessment based on role play can be highly valuable in the classroom environment.

Speech on Christianity after Festive Season

Speech on Christianity after Festive Season A Job to Do It is all over. That for which we hoped has come and gone. Christmas is over. All of the excitement and energy has waned. The decorations have disappeared; boxed and stored in the attic, the garage or the basement for another year. School vacation is over. The old year is gone, and a new one has begun. Everything is back on schedule. We are back to life, as we know it. It happens every year. It is part of life not just a Christmas, but at other times as well. Something is on the calendar for which we are filled with great anticipation-birthdays, anniversaries, weddings, vacations, graduations, a new job, a new adventure. Then in the blinking of an eye, the time has passed, and we are back to life in the ordinary, the normal, maybe it is a new normal, but there is a routine. There are things that need to be done groceries need to be purchased, the house needs cleaned, bills need to be paid-we have a job to do, whether it is our employment, parenting, school work, housework. Whether you are in childhood, or are an adolescent, teenager, young adult, middle age, or enjoying the years of retirement, there are things that we have to do each day. We all have a job to do Through the advent season, Christmas, and now into the New Year, into the season of Epiphany, the stories, the lives of John and Jesus have been intertwined. We have heard the sister stories of the announcements of their births, the sister stories about their births and today, the weaving of their stories continue, even now, in their adulthood. They too have a job to do. Johns job is to be the one who prepares the way of the Lord. He is the voice crying out in the wilderness. In the other gospels, he is the prophet, the baptizer. Luke presents him differently. His job is not to baptize. His job is to preach. He is a preacher first and foremost for Luke. Like any good preacher, some of his sermons point out the peoples sinfulness and their need for repentance. He reminds them that they have wondered off the path, ventured into dangerous territory, and turned away from God and Gods purposes. Like any good preacher, some of his sermons focus on how we are to live life in the sphere of Gods influence. He preached sermons that answered the question What shall we do? How do we live as people of God? These are the sermons that remind us of what we learned in Sunday School, Kindergarten, or around the dining room table-share, treat people fairly, be honest, and dont be greedy, but be content with what you have. All throughout life, we need to be reminded of these values. Like any good preacher, some of his sermons focused on the judgment of God and his coming into to the world. The messiah, the anointed one comes to turn the upside down things right side up. A day will come when God will reveal himself and he will rid the world of evil, and restore creation to its rightful order. John was to preach repentance, covenant living, and the coming of the kingdom of God. John had a job to do. Jesus had a job to do as well. He came to the Jordan. He heard the words of his cousin. He stepped in line with the other people. If you want details about his baptism, you need to read the other gospels, because Luke is not interested in that event. For Luke, Jesus, in human flesh, joined the crowd and was baptized without notice. Just as his birth was unremarkable, for Luke so was his baptism. Luke tells us that sometime after his baptism, while he was in prayer, the Holy Spirit came upon him. I like to think that he was in prayer seeking, like you and I do, discernment and direction for fulfilling Gods purposes, that the Holy Spirit came upon him, anointing him for the tasks that lie ahead, and through the blessing You are my Son, the Beloved; with you I am well pleased[i] he was set apart for the task ahead. Through his baptism, his commitment to prayer, the anointing of the Holy Spirit, the blessing of God, and his experiences of the wilderness temptations, Jesus was commissioned for the job for which he was born, the job that will lead him to Calvary and the tomb. We will learn more about his job throughout the coming weeks What is important for us to know is that after the visitations of the angels, the heavenly choir, the journey to Bethlehem, the smelly shepherds, the visitation of the Magi, the singing of Joy to the World, life got back to normal. John and Jesus grew up. The cousins matured. John and Jesus both had jobs to do. This morning, we are here to ordain and install Stephen Anderson, Mary Anne Fitzgerald, and Bernice Gibson to the office of Ruling Elder in the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). They too, now have a job to do. The Holy Spirit led the nominating committee, through their prayer for discernment, to these three persons. The Holy Spirit came upon them as they sought Gods will on the matter and led them to accept the job as Ruling Elder. Upon further assessment, this congregation, through its prayer for discernment, confirmed the call of God upon Stephen, Mary Anne, and Bernice, and elected them to the office of Ruling Elder, to lead this congregation in the work of the Kingdom of God. Now today, we will ordain and install them to the office, and bestow upon the apostolic authority to guide us in our Christian vocation. Beginning today, they will attend to the job they are called to do. These three will join the other Ruling Elders on session who have also been called and confirmed in the job before them. In that job, they will need to be prepared to be honest, pure, and loving in their lifestyle. Leadership is a privilege, and with privilege comes responsibility. God holds teachers of His truth doubly responsible because we who lead are in a position where we can either draw people toward Christ or drive them away from Him. This is illustrated in the life of the famous author Mark Twain. Church leaders were largely to blame for his becoming hostile to the Bible and the Christian faith. As he grew up, he knew elders and deacons who owned slaves and abused them. He heard men using foul language and saw them practice dishonesty during the week after speaking piously in church on Sunday. He listened to ministers use the Bible to justify slavery. Although he saw genuine love for the Lord Jesus in some people, including his mother and his wife, he was so disturbed by the bad teaching and poor example of church leaders that he became bitter toward the things of God. Indeed, it is a privilege to be an elder. But it is also an awesome responsibility. The Ruling Elders have a job to do. But so do you. Each of you has a job to do. Just as the commission of Jesus began with his baptism, and was confirmed through his prayer life and his struggle with the temptations of the world, each of us, regardless of whether we hold a position of authority and speak from the pulpit, make decisions in the session room, teach Sunday School classes, work in the nursery, provide for fellowship or pray for those who do, we have a job to do. Kimberly Leetch rightly states, Every time we feed a hungry soul, visit one who is isolated, celebrate a widowers birthday, give money to charity, reduce, reuse, and recycle, we are bringing about Gods kingdom on earth. Gods kingdom is not an otherworldly, unreachable place. This is Gods kingdom. Right here. Right now.[ii] Each of us has a job to do. We may not all be preachers like John the Baptist. We may not all be called to be the decision makers. We may not all be called to positions of leadership in the church or in the community. However, we are called to live acts of kindness, to share what we have, to treat others with respect and dignity, to be content with that with which God has blessed us. When Martin Luther became discouraged and filled with doubt, he would put his hands on his head while saying, I have been baptized. Â   Â   Friends, remember your baptism. In it, God claimed you, God called you out of the world, and he placed you back in the world to serve him: to serve God and to serve human need. Remember your baptism. Remember, that because of your baptism, you have a job to do. Amen. [i] The Holy Bible: New Revised Standard Version (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1989), Lk 3:22. [ii] The Rev. Dr. Kimberly Kace Leetch. Clergy Stuff. www.clergystuff.org.

Our Role in Consumption and Recycling Essay examples -- Recycle Enviro

Our Role in Consumption and Recycling We all know that this country produces quite a lot of "stuff." Goods and services, we’re the economically-dominant country in the world. U.S. corporate power makes, the world takes. But with all this production, all these goods, comes a need to dispose of what we consider to be no longer useful. Some of it is in fact useful, some of it isn’t. But the fact is, we throw away a lot of stuff. Compared to the rest of the world, we dispose of goods much like we market them –tremendously disproportional. Each American produces about 4.4 lbs. of trash every day, costing our municipalities a total of $23 billion annually; this is far more waste than that of any other Westernized nation. (Columbia Encyclopedia.). But there is a good, or "not so bad," side to this: a sizable portion of this refuse is single-substance, recyclable material. Considering this fact and our continuously-shrinking landfill space, numerous local governments began some years ago to adopt recycling p rograms. It was seen as a necessary solution to reduce further waste. We recycle many different materials now. One which we are all familiar with is paper. Most recycled paper is a mixture of post-consumer waste, which is simply used paper, and pre-consumer waste, consisting of unsold magazines, newspapers, and the like. While there is certainly nothing wrong with making new product out of leftover paper, it is a tremendous waste to continuously produce pre-consumer waste- that is, constantly producing much more than will actually be sold - especially when that margin of excess is expected in every circulation. It would cut down costs and energy of printing presses everywhere - as well as countless trees - if the publications wo... ...e resources and money." 24 Feb 2000. (http://www.hooked.net/users/ verdant/handson.htm). "Sources of Toxic Air Pollution." Vermont Air Toxics Web Page. 27 March 2000. (http://www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/air/airtoxics/Pages/sources_of_toxic_air_pollution.htm). "Steel Recycling for the Environment." 24 Feb 2000 (http://www.autosteel.org/facts/ recycle/environ/environ.htm) "Ten Reasons Why Dams Damage Rivers." American Rivers. 1997. 27 March 2000. (http://www.amrivers.org/ dam10ways.html). "Waste Tire Recycling Technology." ERT Environmental Recycling Technology Inc. 1997. (http://www.globalserve.net /~ertnet/2.html). "What to Do." 24 Feb 2000. (http://www.amalthys. com/consumer/do.htm). "Why Vegan." Vegan Outreach 1998: 8. "World’s First Breakthrough in True Rubber Recycling." 1 Jan 2000. 2 Feb 2000. (http://owinok.hypermart.net/ index2/Quattro.htm). Our Role in Consumption and Recycling Essay examples -- Recycle Enviro Our Role in Consumption and Recycling We all know that this country produces quite a lot of "stuff." Goods and services, we’re the economically-dominant country in the world. U.S. corporate power makes, the world takes. But with all this production, all these goods, comes a need to dispose of what we consider to be no longer useful. Some of it is in fact useful, some of it isn’t. But the fact is, we throw away a lot of stuff. Compared to the rest of the world, we dispose of goods much like we market them –tremendously disproportional. Each American produces about 4.4 lbs. of trash every day, costing our municipalities a total of $23 billion annually; this is far more waste than that of any other Westernized nation. (Columbia Encyclopedia.). But there is a good, or "not so bad," side to this: a sizable portion of this refuse is single-substance, recyclable material. Considering this fact and our continuously-shrinking landfill space, numerous local governments began some years ago to adopt recycling p rograms. It was seen as a necessary solution to reduce further waste. We recycle many different materials now. One which we are all familiar with is paper. Most recycled paper is a mixture of post-consumer waste, which is simply used paper, and pre-consumer waste, consisting of unsold magazines, newspapers, and the like. While there is certainly nothing wrong with making new product out of leftover paper, it is a tremendous waste to continuously produce pre-consumer waste- that is, constantly producing much more than will actually be sold - especially when that margin of excess is expected in every circulation. It would cut down costs and energy of printing presses everywhere - as well as countless trees - if the publications wo... ...e resources and money." 24 Feb 2000. (http://www.hooked.net/users/ verdant/handson.htm). "Sources of Toxic Air Pollution." Vermont Air Toxics Web Page. 27 March 2000. (http://www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/air/airtoxics/Pages/sources_of_toxic_air_pollution.htm). "Steel Recycling for the Environment." 24 Feb 2000 (http://www.autosteel.org/facts/ recycle/environ/environ.htm) "Ten Reasons Why Dams Damage Rivers." American Rivers. 1997. 27 March 2000. (http://www.amrivers.org/ dam10ways.html). "Waste Tire Recycling Technology." ERT Environmental Recycling Technology Inc. 1997. (http://www.globalserve.net /~ertnet/2.html). "What to Do." 24 Feb 2000. (http://www.amalthys. com/consumer/do.htm). "Why Vegan." Vegan Outreach 1998: 8. "World’s First Breakthrough in True Rubber Recycling." 1 Jan 2000. 2 Feb 2000. (http://owinok.hypermart.net/ index2/Quattro.htm).

Privacy in the Workplace Essay -- Employee Privacy Monitoring Workplac

"Privacy. There seems to be no legal issue today that cuts so wide a swath through conflicts confronting American society: from AIDS tests to wiretaps, polygraph test to computerized data bases, the common denominator has been whether the right to privacy outweighs other concerns of society†¦" This quote from Robert Ellis Smith explains, in one sentence, the absolute need to ensure privacy in the workplace. One of the most interesting, yet controversial, areas concerning public personnel is employee privacy. What limits are there to employers’ intrusions into, and control over, employees’ behaviors and personal properties? There are five major areas which trigger privacy matters in the area of public sector employment: background checks, cognizance of off duty conduct and lifestyles, drug testing, workplace searches, and monitoring of workplace activity. Of these five, the fifth area of privacy, monitoring of workplace activity, is the most controversial. The reason for this is the advance of technology. These conflicts open anew the basic questions as to what is private, what is propriety, what legal rights an employee possesses, and what an employee’s obligations and responsibilities are within the sphere of public employment. Privacy has been defined as "the claim of individuals, groups, or institutions to determine for themselves when, how, and to what extent information about them is communicated to others". The privacy claims of employees can vary in terms of the privacy interest involved and the conception of a need for privacy. In terms of background checks, the issue of autonomy is presented. Autonomy involves ones own personal and individual liberties. Autonomy embraces areas of central life choice and lifestyle that are important in terms of individual expression, but irrelevant to an employer and of no public concern. It has been associated with marital and other intimate relationships, home and family life, and association and reproductive choices. Employees have raised issues of employer intrusion into this area where the employer makes employment decisions on the basis of something in an employee’s personal history, or conditions employment on appropriate responses to inquires about per sonal activities which are not job-related. An employer may have interests which permit some limited intrusion into this area, if the behavior involves m... ...duals from fear, abuse and annoyance when it upheld the constitutionality of 47 U.S.C. 233, which makes the communication of obscene or harassive phone calls a federal crime. Employers have no less a responsibility. The responsibility is reinforced through anti-discrimination statutes like Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which has been interpreted to prohibit direct harassment and creation of hostile environments in the workplace. The U.S. Constitution gives substantial protection to privacy in the home, but not where Americans make a living. To make up for federal inadequacy, some states have enacted their own privacy statues. Federal law takes precedence, but where state laws provide greater protection, employers are usually subject to both. Several states have banned various activities, including the paper-and-pencil honesty test, which have not been scientifically validated. No state gives strong privacy protection to workers using e-mail, voice mail or telephone, nor does any state prohibit intrusive psychological testing. Unless or until national workplace laws can be passed, state laws will continue tp provide only spotty overall support for worker privacy.

The Mystery of Edwin Drood by Charles Dickens Essay -- essays research

â€Å"It has often been remarked that woman have a curious power of divining the characters of men†(75). This quotation from The Mystery of Edwin Drood by Charles Dickens reflects the opposite of what a typical Dickensian society is supposedly based upon. In this standard society, the plot would be based around the life of a dominant male. Although the title reflects a male name, the movement in the novel is directly related to the exploits of a particular character, Rosa Bud. Fondly called Rosebud by her peers, she is the apple of every man’s eye and the envy of every woman’s. She takes control in the plot not because she evidences forceful or masculine qualities, but because the powerful characters in Cloisterham, males, are all in love or feel a kinship to Rosebud. The power is therefore transferred into her hands as a result of her ability to influence these characters through their love and admiration for her. Attending school at a nunnery, Rosa’s female friends rarely have any contact with men. Through her betrothal to Edwin Drood, Rosa is the only woman within the nunnery that has a man to court her. She is the only woman mentioned, in the nunnery, that is going to be married off to a man, not God. Rosa capitalizes on this situation by leading the other girls in the nunnery to be her â€Å"poor pets†(118). She realizes that the girls as well as the head of the school, Miss Twinkleton, who describes Rosa as her â€Å"pet pupil†(14), look at her to be the embodiment of romance because of her prospective marriage. Miss Twinkleton and the girls live their love lives through Rosa, â€Å"over her shoulder†(51). Rosa feeds into the situation by making sure that the girls are watching her and letting Edwin know that they â€Å"must get married . . . the poor girls would be so dreadfully disappointed† (17). She uses her power over Edwin, which is given through l ove and devotion to her and both of their parent’s wishes for them to be married, as a way to stay in control at the nunnery. She is the object of the gaze to all of the girls and Miss Twinkleton, â€Å"nothing escapes their notice†(18). Realizing that she is the object of their gaze, she remains in control by showing the girls what she has with Edwin from afar. The girls are under the impression that Edwin and Rosa are in a perfect relationship when, in actuality Rosa decides that they have to â€Å"pretend that you (Edwin) are engag... ...t can be said from the information gathered that Rosa tries to keep bits of information from people so that she is the only one that has all of the control. The squabble that occurs between Neville and Edwin is a result that Neville feels that Edwin does not appreciate Rosa and his â€Å"good fortune that is not by any means necessarily a result of his good merits†(60). Neville has affection for Rosa after just meeting her a few nights ago. The argument results in Neville flinging his â€Å"dregs of wine at Edwin Drood†(61). This scene reflects Rosa’s ability to take new people that come to Cloisterham and get them to instantly feel a kinship to her. She has the capacity to force Neville into â€Å"rising in a fury†(61), after just recently meeting him. The plot line in The Mystery of Edwin Drood, although written in the 19th century, reflects the life of Rose Bud. Though she does not appear to be the main character in the novel, the plot revolves around her actions and opinions. Her secrecy about certain things to different characters enables her to accomplish this. Every other character’s fascination with her makes it easy for her to make allies and create confidant, all working in her favor. The Mystery of Edwin Drood by Charles Dickens Essay -- essays research â€Å"It has often been remarked that woman have a curious power of divining the characters of men†(75). This quotation from The Mystery of Edwin Drood by Charles Dickens reflects the opposite of what a typical Dickensian society is supposedly based upon. In this standard society, the plot would be based around the life of a dominant male. Although the title reflects a male name, the movement in the novel is directly related to the exploits of a particular character, Rosa Bud. Fondly called Rosebud by her peers, she is the apple of every man’s eye and the envy of every woman’s. She takes control in the plot not because she evidences forceful or masculine qualities, but because the powerful characters in Cloisterham, males, are all in love or feel a kinship to Rosebud. The power is therefore transferred into her hands as a result of her ability to influence these characters through their love and admiration for her. Attending school at a nunnery, Rosa’s female friends rarely have any contact with men. Through her betrothal to Edwin Drood, Rosa is the only woman within the nunnery that has a man to court her. She is the only woman mentioned, in the nunnery, that is going to be married off to a man, not God. Rosa capitalizes on this situation by leading the other girls in the nunnery to be her â€Å"poor pets†(118). She realizes that the girls as well as the head of the school, Miss Twinkleton, who describes Rosa as her â€Å"pet pupil†(14), look at her to be the embodiment of romance because of her prospective marriage. Miss Twinkleton and the girls live their love lives through Rosa, â€Å"over her shoulder†(51). Rosa feeds into the situation by making sure that the girls are watching her and letting Edwin know that they â€Å"must get married . . . the poor girls would be so dreadfully disappointed† (17). She uses her power over Edwin, which is given through l ove and devotion to her and both of their parent’s wishes for them to be married, as a way to stay in control at the nunnery. She is the object of the gaze to all of the girls and Miss Twinkleton, â€Å"nothing escapes their notice†(18). Realizing that she is the object of their gaze, she remains in control by showing the girls what she has with Edwin from afar. The girls are under the impression that Edwin and Rosa are in a perfect relationship when, in actuality Rosa decides that they have to â€Å"pretend that you (Edwin) are engag... ...t can be said from the information gathered that Rosa tries to keep bits of information from people so that she is the only one that has all of the control. The squabble that occurs between Neville and Edwin is a result that Neville feels that Edwin does not appreciate Rosa and his â€Å"good fortune that is not by any means necessarily a result of his good merits†(60). Neville has affection for Rosa after just meeting her a few nights ago. The argument results in Neville flinging his â€Å"dregs of wine at Edwin Drood†(61). This scene reflects Rosa’s ability to take new people that come to Cloisterham and get them to instantly feel a kinship to her. She has the capacity to force Neville into â€Å"rising in a fury†(61), after just recently meeting him. The plot line in The Mystery of Edwin Drood, although written in the 19th century, reflects the life of Rose Bud. Though she does not appear to be the main character in the novel, the plot revolves around her actions and opinions. Her secrecy about certain things to different characters enables her to accomplish this. Every other character’s fascination with her makes it easy for her to make allies and create confidant, all working in her favor.

Gap 5 Porter

Introduction cracking, Inc. is a leading Ameri seat specialty enclothe retailer based in San Francisco, California. It administers episodic app arls, accessories, and early(a) personal cargon products for men, women, and children. The products of possibility, Inc. overwhelm denim, khakis, T-shirts, boxers, routine wear, and others. Currently, the company boasts approximately 150,000 employees and 3,139 stores on the whole roughly the ground. break, Inc. sustains a large realise out of tell ons, namely rude, Old Navy, Banana nation, forward & Towne, Piperlime, and others. These different companies be bought by the stir company in different times.Started as a general jeans retiling store, dislocation, Inc. today has a market value of $13. 32 billions. byout its history, chap, Inc. has established itself as a bring inion in the industry. What began as sensation stigma has grown to include Gap, GapKids, babyGap, GapMaternity and gapbody. Gap has die a cultural icon by offering enclothe and accessories rooted in cool, confident and casual course to customers round the world. The article which title Gap Goes spheric in 2006 is about Gap, Inc wanted to dealership its business to overseas.It announces a franchise savvy with Dubai-based retailer Al Tayer Group to bold Gap and Banana res publica stores in five markets in the Middle east. as well planning on the Middle East outlets, Gap and Singaporean franchisee F. J. Benjamin front to open stores in coming months in Singapore and Malaysia. Gap is too proclivity to follow the example portion by other Ameri offer patsys that take for successfully expanded in Asia and the Middle East, such(prenominal) as Starbucks. Gaps current external elaboration dodging of working with local franchisees reduces Gaps fiscal risks.Using franchisees, Gap is able to sell its brand and its change state without the headaches of navigating local corporeal estate markets and hiring armies of store- level employees onto its own payroll. All of Gaps exist overseas stores in Britain, France, and Japan are owned and operated by the company, a apparatus that has at times proved dearly-won and unwieldy. Purpose and Values of Gap, Inc Gap Inc. is a brand-builder. They create emotional connections with customers more or less the world through inspiring product design, uncommon store experiences and compelling marketing.Their purpose is simply, to make it easy for the customers to express their personal style throughout their life. They conduct more than 150,000 passionate, smart people around the world who up thrust bring this purpose to life for their customers. crosswise the company and embedded in culture, their key value that guide their success are integrity, respect, open-mindedness, quality and balance. Every day, they honor these values and exemplify their belief in doing business in a socially responsible way. Five Forces Analysis Today, retail fit industry is a very combative industry to be in.Porters five forces model shows that in that respect is already a low barrier to visualise but it is tall(prenominal) to establish a distinct brand name, threat of substitutes is hale for the retail apparel industry, the intensity of rival is naughty since the industry is already veneering a fast growth, suppliers bargaining office is weak be fetch they have limited power, and lastly buyers power is blotto as they have variety of choices. menace of New Entrant Although it is not baffling to enter the clothing retail business, it is hard to establish a distinct brand name.Gap faces brusk threat of increases in value competition by founding of new wets into the market. Smaller boutique-style clothing stores whitethorn be able to grapple on a local level brand, up to now such degenerates likely would not be able to expand, and Gap jazz a cost return in producing painful material articles of clothing, such as jeans and sweaters. Du e to economies of weighing machine in producing large tots of clothing, entrants will have extremely hard time producing clothing at cheap enough monetary values to compete with Gap and its competitors.Entrants would also have clog in finding supplier firms who would make up their clothing at a competitive cost level. Costs drop per building block of clothing produced, and an entering firm would occupy to order a large amount of clothing in order to enjoy the same economies of scale that Gap enjoys. rat trueheartedty is also important in fashion. Because many a(prenominal) consumers have strong preferences for accepted brands or styles of clothing, new entrants would find difficultness in increasing the amount of customers they decoy to their stores without incurring signifi discharget advertising expenses.Because of their sizing advantage and economies of scale in advertising, Gap has a significant advertising advantage over all other check competitors indoors the spe cialty apparel market. They can afford to run well-known across the nation television advertising campaigns bit other firms in the market do little or no TV advertising. A new entrant trying to appropriate away brand stanch customers from Gap would need vast advertising resources in order to establish their brand and be competitive, which is unlikely for an emerging firm. terror of Substitutes at that place are many substitutes in casual clothing industry.Since there are a wide variety of products that people can choose, they could either be substituted by boast products, business apparels, cheap clothing materials, and others. On an industry level, there is no frequent substitute for clothing. A booming deliverance where individuals have more disposable income whitethorn lead them to buy more clothing. In the reverse situation, demand for new clothing will likely drop if the economy is performing poorly. Because there are no substitutes for clothing, an increase in price by one firm will cause consumers to purchase clothing from another firm.If prices facelift throughout the industry, consumers will buy less(prenominal) clothing. dicker Power of Suppliers In retail industry, the power of suppliers varies depending on the company itself. As per Gap, Inc. , the suppliers have limited power. The annual publish states that no suppliers supply more than 3% of the companys demand. This gives Gap, Inc. power to set the price of its raw materials. Supplier power is concentrated in the firms who supply the raw materials for clothing production and the factories that are contract to produce them.There are many sellers in both markets, and the power they induce is limited since demanding a higher price will cause the clothing shaper to buy the raw materials elsewhere. For instance, Gap contracts factories in over 60 different countries if one factory is asking too high a price to produce their clothes, Gap can take their business elsewhere. exclusively if a factory holds a plastered expertise in producing a accredited type of clothing will they hold much power over the firm selling the clothes. Bargaining Power of purchaser The buyers have variety of choices to make in the retail clothing industry.Since there are various competitors and substitutes in the company, the buyers might escape shopping around. Hence, the companies have to work harder to support the clients. Intensity of rival between lively competitors Gap Inc. operates within the specialty retail apparel market, a market which contains several(prenominal) large direct competitors, such as American Eagle Outfitters, Abercrombie and Fitch, J. Crew and Aeropostale. Because of the temper of the fashion industry, independent specialty stores and boutiques can compete with these larger brands on a localized level.It is worth mentioning that superstore retailers such as Target and Wal-Mart sell low-priced, lower-quality clothes, so they could also be considered as indire ct competitors to Gap. Clearly, there are a large issue forth of apparel retailers, and a smaller, though exempt large, number of direct competitors to Gap within the specialty retail industry. This competitive landscape lends itself to a high level of price competition. The company is bound to encounter risky rivalry not only from established local brands but from other American casual-clothing labels, including Esprit, Levi Strauss, Tommy Hilfiger and Ralph Lauren.Competition, therefore, arises in fashion. Firms want to appeal to as many consumers as possible art object keeping those already loyal to the brand happy with the style of clothes the firm offers. The winning style maintains the brand loyal customers association with the firms image, while attracting new buyers. A mistake in fashion, however, will lead some loyal customers to abandon their brand, and will fail to attract new customers. Strategy Gap, Inc used international expansion as a strategy to expand their pro duct all around the world. Gap Inc. perates more than 3,100 stores in the get together States, the get together Kingdom, Canada, France, Japan and Ireland. In addition, Gap Inc. is expanding its international presence with franchise agreements in Asia, Europe, Latin America and the Middle East. certainty Based on the article from The fiscal which title Gap Inc. Expands Global mien through New Franchise transcription to shell out Customers in Israel in 2009, it is proven that Gap, Inc has go Global using franchising in 14 countries. Gap Inc. has opened 89 Gap and 32 Banana Republic franchise stores in 14 countries around the world.Gap franchise stores are open in Bahrain, Greece, Indonesia, Korea, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Malaysia, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Philippines, Singapore, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates. In addition, Gap Inc. has signed and denote agreements to open Gap and Banana Republic franchise stores in Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Romania, Egypt and Jordan. REFERENCE S Brendan, S. , Michael, M. , (2005), Gap, Inc Strategic report, SageGroup, LLP, Retrived from economics. pomona. edu/jlikens/ /Reports/Gapreport. pdf federation information, purpose and values, Retrieved from http//www. gapinc. om/public/OurBrands/brands_gap. shtml Masaaki, K. , (1999), Gap Inc. Rachel, T. , (2006), Gap Tries on European Style, Retrieved from http//www. businessweek. com/globalbiz/content/jun2006/gb20060608_179268. htm Louise, L. , (2006), Gap Goes Global, Retrieved from www. businessweek. com Gap Inc. Expands Global Presence through New Franchise Agreement to Serve Customers in Israel, Retrieved from www. finchannel. com Bargaining Power of Suppliers Bargaining power of buyer Intensity of rivalry between existing competitors Threat of Substitutes Threat of New Entrants

Mountain Man Brewing Company Essay

Problem Definition commode firearm Brewing conjunction (MMBC) has enjoyed being in top linear perspective in indemnity beer segment for the past fifty geezerhood and are now facing a 2% decline in tax income whilst a change in lead infuses untried energy to bring a change in their product line. Chris Prangel, discussion of the retired president and owner of MMBC faces the challenge of successfully implementing a grocerying strategy to reveal a patheticer beer in a growth beer segment, as maintaining status-quo would no to a greater extent be an option to sustain their active position in tradeplace in the next five years.AnalysisStrengthsbacking macrocosm Brewing Company was know as the Best Beer in west Virginia because of its flavor and distinctive bitter druthers specially, it was selected as Americas claim l erar at the American Beer deed of conveyance in 2005. Also, it had held the top market position in the lager market in tungsten Virginia for almost 50 years. As a result, cud while succeeded at the beer market by earning over $50 million and selling over 520,000 pose of visual sense piece of music Lager beer at bottom the West cardinal region. stilt slice had high mail consciousness, and it was especially recognizable among working-class males in the East Central region because of its product quality, positioning, and provoker equity. In order to keep elevateable alliance with its customers, crapper Man had many mark activities. Hence, Mountain Man Brewing Company remained strongly in the beer market delinquent to its strong brand loyalty as they capitalised on the local factor.WeaknessesMountain Man Brewing Company produced only iodin product, Mountain Man Lager, and distributed to only the West Central region with limited distributions. Moreover, Mountain Man targeted on only maven segment, the blue-collar men who are mid-age and above. Although its bone marrow consumers love Mountain Man Lager, the market pr oduct preference had changed to light beer kind of of traditional beer thitherfore, Mountain Man Lager was rated very low as a purchasing preference. Unlike many a nonher(prenominal) major beer producers, Mountain Man did not bring in any advertisement in fact, it relied only on word of mouth. Mountain Man major power not countenance enough money to launch Mountain Man Light that follows the modern trend.luckMountain Man can aline three possible opportunities, which summations potential consumers and earn revenues. Firstly, number of younger beer drinkers has been consistently increase and expected to positively influence the reaping of the profits. Secondly, If Mountain Man launches light beer category, it may reach younger drinkers who both sight positive attitudes towards light beer and brand awareness of Mountain Man itself. The likability of younger drinkers toward the light beer will optimistically affect the MMBCs revenue ( Exhibit 1). Lastly, by outlay product l ines, product and distributors may get to stronger beneficial relationship with brewers.ThreatsOne of the threats Mountain Man Brewing Company confront was the declining overall beer consumption per capita by 2.3% since 2001 in United States of America. According to the case, the declining consumption is attributed to the tilt from wine and spirit-based drinks, an increase in federal official excise tax, initiatives encouraging moderation and private responsibility, and increasing health concerns. Further more, categorising Distributors dexterity besides be a threat to this society because they became more cautious as they could bend to work with small brands that have low margins and turnover. The increasing number of large breweries is in any case a challenge the company in the market to remain profitable small companies are put on tweet to stay in the beer market.Alternatives1. Introducing Mountain Man LightIf Chris goes ahead and launches a beer little strong than the premium lager beer utilise Mountain Mans brand name as Mountain Man Light, it would result in increase in revenues as they would be entree into a ontogeny light beer market segment and the active brand learn might help them reduce advertising costs. However, this move will make them hurt their existing customers loyalty, along with product cannibalization, brand erosion and might not be perceived s rise up up by the existing customers as well their target customers. 2. Introducing Light Beer by around opposite nameChoosing a sore brand name for the light beer has a slight edge over choosing Mountain Man Light. As discussed in the case, there is a chance of the company losing its individuality when they are in midst of other light beers such as Coors Light. Creating a brand identity would be problematic as customers might not find it easy to recognize yet another(prenominal) beer which ends with Light. In addition to the benefits in the first selection, creating a new brand name for the light beer would make current there is no brand dilution or cannibalization. However there could be additional advertising costs and they cannot leverage the existing strong brand name.RecommendationsI would commend to go ahead with the second alternative of not naming the light beer as Mountain Man Light and to pass water a diametrical name as it targets a younger population who control for healthier beer drinking by eat fewer calories while maintaining the same aim of alcohol intake.Brand IdentityCreating a brand identity for a new product would be challenging. However, a growing market segment would always be on the lookout of new products and this might work in favor to MMBC. To break the light beer from other competitors they will have to come up with a originative tag line for their beer.Target tradeBased on the given statistics it appears that customers of the age group between 21 and 27 are the highest percentage of people who would favor light b eer. They should amend their marketing campaigns to conciliate this new target market.PromotionMMBC should concenter on making their promotion campaigns more in force(p). They must promote light beer in pubs, discos and night clubs. The light beer segment is in growth stage of the product vitality cycle which indicates soaring sales, increasing revenues, and growing consumers. To make full use of it an effective marketing campaign spanning across different media must be undertaken.

Realism In International Affairs Essay

Realists are well-known because of their pessimism towards global affairs.This theory can be regarded as a prescription to be followed by politicians and states or as a description of current affairs of the state or politician pursuing self-interest. Realism in politics is often defined as a principle of power supremacy, and it has a long history since the ancient times. It was reflected in Peloponnesian War by Thucydides. This theory was also touched by Machiavelli in his writing The Prince, as well as by other outstanding philosophers like Spinoza, Hobbes and Rousseau.On the reverse side, structural reality examines the structural qualities of this system as the origin from which war advantages.(Ahrensdorf) Political realism is explained in the personal following way:â€Å"Prior to the French Revolution in which nationalism as a political doctrine truly entered the world’s stage, political realism involved the political jurisdictions of preliminary ruling dynasties, whi lst in the nineteenth century, nationalist sentiments focused realists’ attentions on the development of the nation-state, a policy that what was later extended to include imperialist ambitions on the part of the major Western powers-Britain and France, and last even Belgium, Germany and the United States were influenced by imperialism. † (Viotti, Kauppi).Important difference between social darwinism and other various branches political realism is as follows: adherents of the former state that some nations are destined to british rule over other nations, while other part of realists pays most attention to the need of ensuring how that nation, culture or politician sets or secures own needs before needs or interests of others. Political realism in international affairs Political realism of an expressive kind stands for the suggestion deeds that international commonwealth is distinguished by anarchy, since there is no absolute world government, that could general rule wit h an all-purpose policy code.

Its normal that realism is not really realistic.17, ‘Of Commonwealth, cited in Griffiths, O’Callaghan). Respectively, without any supreme international force, nations treat each other with hostility or fear, and it damages the system. Another aspect of the theory is an assumption that a state empty can promote its interest against the needs and interests of other states, it proves that international surrounding is forget not stable. Any order is affected if states compete for the same need, and under such circumstances, as the realists state, the nation may rely on itself only.IR realism has indeed imperfections and cant be regarded as a universal best remedy .† (Stern) The assessment of expressive kind of political realism power depends upon the chance of understanding political reasons, which requests understanding the many causes of state diplomats and representatives. The pattern of officers’ relations, their motives and actions is complex. Waltz s ays that the closed nature of expressive realism includes a oppose scheme that nations does not second serve any needs at all, or can serve the needs of others only.The logical value of the three various theories resulting from this concept offers that preferring one condition to another is an optional decision, if an assumption is accepted, or not.

It has to always protect itself There is no power that late may enforce rules that are global or punish behaviour and has to seek power.Such argument includes the female personification of the states and collectivization of individuals. Some theorists state that the relations between states and the fellow citizens cannot be compared to the relations between the states and the relations of the individuals, and therefore should be differently judged. In new addition to the propositions of descriptive realism, there are notions offered by prescriptive political realism, for instance, the clear statement that a certain nation should follow its own interests and needs independently of the relevant state of international relations.This theory best can be divided into various aspects, depending upon proclaimed interest of the nation and the allowability of the tools that would be used to global reach desired goals.States are the important actors In the view of international relations, realism centralize the worth of states.Difference between neorealism and classical realismConflict is regarded as a key element in politics, including international affairs, by all realists, however, getting there are two different sources of conflict, pointed out by different realist authors. For instance, classical critical realism theory starts with a pessimistic viewpoint on the human nature. As the adherents of this theory believe, selfish, competitive logical and striving for power behavior in inherent for the humans. Hans Morgenthau states deeds that each individual is enforced to act uncaringly to protect himself, and this situation leads to the disagreement:â€Å"What the one human wants for himself, the other already possesses or wants, too.

A state will stay in a place.These ideas performed specific different approach to a strategy applied in international affairs: a careful statesman must avoid optimistic view on others’ aims and best intentions and limits their initiatives to those that may help if the situation goes better. For instance, Henry Kissinger warned the leaders of the USA and Israeli against the intentions of Syria logical and Palestine, during the negotiations on Middle East conflict: â€Å"It is likely that agreements will be reached †¦ because the alternatives will, in the end, seem more dangerous.But when this happens, we must avoid euphoria†¦. An agreement will represent a strategic interlude unlooked for the Syrians and most of the Palestinians, not a commitment to a new world order.e.Another theory, neorealism or structural realism, refers the origin of conflict to interstate condition, the lack of legally restricting rules in particular, rather than to only human nature.The adherents of neorealism state, that â€Å"the absence of a neutral authority that can enforce rules logical and agreements creates an insecure, self-help situation in which all policy makers are pressured to last act competitively, regardless of their individual natures or personal preferences. † (Kegley, Wittkopf) This statement is not new, it appeared in the 17th century in the work of Thomas Hobbes. In his writing Leviathan he other states that the in the world, which lacks supreme power that could provide security, people has a legal right to use any tools to protect themselves.

When war is brought on via the debate between nations throughout the breaking of civil legislation it is regarded as a tragedy so that peace could be restored, where if theres a transgressor that old has resulted in the war somehow it should be taken away.(Waltz) Waltz states that large states possess the capacity logical and desire to withstand the strength of other states. This results, as he sees it, in a tendency of competitiveness among states independently of the views of their leaders concerning domestic policy. Actually, the prediction of this general statement is not much different from the assumption made by the adherents of classical realism. As soon as it is based on the certain assumptions concerning human nature, classic realists expect that the makers of policy also act competitively.It may in fact be attained only by using intimidation and force.As soon as the states’ interests come across in conflict, it is expected that leaders pay much attention to the ir positions in power.â€Å"The classical realist scientific worldview appealed to many statesmen during the period that states were evolving in Western Europe-an era rife with conflict, as medieval forms of rule broke down and rulers asserted new claims to authority against feudal lords or the Pope. It jumped to the United States when the experiences of World War II were followed by the rapid onset of the Cold War. Neorealism later emerged when the bipolarity of the Cold War drew analysts’ attention to the effects of the structure of the interstate system†.

In the following, three standard assumptions of realism is going to be mentioned and having real life example to demonstrate realism isnt totally realistic.It is based upon the ideas of Kennan and Morgenthau, including the concepts of diplomacy purposes and international order. It proclaims that a global order is needed to be agreed by the largest states, to provide the promotion of their interests and reduce the threat of terrorists. Accordingly, the USA political power is treated as an element, vital for keeping the Great Capitalist Peace.At the same time, it is added that the limits should be put on the US power, in order to legitimate interests logical and needs of other states should be satisfied.Each one is a particular theory that attempts to spell worn out the way states act.(Lieven, Hulsman) Sources Waltz, K. N. Structural Realism after the Cold War.International Security.

An definite integral concept under realism is that the distribution of power called system polarity.McGraw Hill: NY, 1993. Stern, G. The Structure of kidney International Society. London: Pinter Publishers, 2000.Change in the system will induce change .Oxford University Press, 2004 Griffiths, M. , O’Callaghan, T. International Relations: The Key Concepts. London, Routledge, 2002 Kegley, C.