The Mind Is An Immaterial Soul Essay - 1139 Words

In this paper I will refute the view that the mind is an immaterial soul by highlighting how substance dualism lacks explanatory power. To successfully dismantle the contentions offered by substance dualism, I will present two arguments illustrating how ineffectual this theory is at explaining everyday phenomena. My intention in doing so is to stress how theories that lack explanatory power in comparison to other, more robust, theories can be generally regarded as weaker. Once my arguments have been presented, I will first describe how a substance-dualists might respond to my arguments, and then proceed to show why these responses are insufficient. In responding to these objections in particular, and to the case in general, I will maintain that the mind is not an immaterial soul. Before delving into the problems with substance dualism, it might befit us to first fully understand substance-dualism. Fundamentally, substance-dualism is couched in the notion that there exist two separate substances: physical substances and non-physical substances. On the one hand, physical substances comprise everything we might call material, such as cars, rocks, and computers. On the other hand, substance-dualists claim that there exist non-physical substances that operate behind the veil of immaterialism. The world, in other words, can be partitioned between those things regarded as tangibly physical, and those things regarded intangibly non-physica. Within this criterion forShow MoreRelated Personhood Essay example758 Words   |  4 Pages Personhood What is a person? That sounds like a harmless question, but the answer can get very complicated. Is a person just a lump of skin, muscles, bones, and other materials? Is a person something immaterial like a mind or a soul? Or is a person a combination of these two things? Really there is no right answer, and it all depends on the point of view that you hold. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;First of all, what is a body? Some say that a body is, like I said before, a lump of skin, musclesRead MoreAnalysis Of Descartes s First Attempt 981 Words   |  4 Pageswe can apply weight in terms relating to the body and other times relating to the soul, and just as we have the innate notion that an immaterial force â€Å"pushes† weighted objects towards the earth, so too does the immaterial soul/mind act on the body . However, this explanation proves unsatisfactory both to the modern reader and to Elisabeth herself; as this analogy fails to bridge the gap as to how something immaterial can enter into a causal relationship with something that is distinctly material.Read MoreDualism And Belief That The Mind And Brain Essay1201 Words   |  5 Pagesstates that humans are composed of both an immaterial substance and a physical substance. Moreland notes that there are contrasting differences between the minds and the brains and that they are ultimate ly separate entities. By defending dualism, Moreland seeks to make nonbelievers believe in immaterial souls, while discrediting materialism. We can look at the arguments in which Moreland uses to support the argument of dualism and belief that the mind and brain are separate entities. Dualism isRead MoreObjections to Descartes’ Interactionism1431 Words   |  6 PagesPassions of the Soul, Part I and Correspondence with Princess Elisabeth, Concerning the Union of Mind and Body. I will start by describing the basic features of how Descartes’ notion of interactionism works. Namely, that the pineal gland is the â€Å"principle seat† of the mind because it is the only singular part of the brain. The pineal gland also has a range of movements, which correspond to the body and to the soul to the capacity that it can be ‘thrusted’ by either the soul or the animal spiritsRead MoreSummary Of The Night Three Days Before Her Death 1219 Words   |  5 Pagesafterlife and things of the like. I am going to argue that Weirob is right to claim that personal identity cannot consist in the sameness of an immaterial, unobservable soul. – 45 words Exposition: In this dialogue between Weirob and some friends, she argues that one’s personal identity can’t be solely related to one’s immaterial and unobservable soul. She doesn’t understand how it is possible for one to still live if when they die and are buried, their body rots away. She brings up the questionRead MoreCartesian Dualism And The Body Essay1009 Words   |  5 Pagesmany people have really thought about what the mind is? How is the mind connected to the body? Are they two separate things or are the body and the mind the same thing? There are different theories to answer these questions. A philosopher, Descarte, believes in Cartesian Dualism, which is that the mind and body both exist, but are two distinct things: physical stuff and mental stuff. The mind is not located in physical space and is an immaterial soul, whereas the body is a physical being and theseRead MoreAquinas: the Soul1260 Words   |  6 PagesThe soul has been a very controversial a nd intriguing subject for multiple generations of philosophers, countless theories have been thought up in an attempt to explain its intellectual operation. Thomas Aquinas, a medieval philosopher and theologian, tackles the topic of subsistence (i.e existence) of the human soul by looking into its power of cognition and scrutinizing its nature; more specifically, he studies the processes through which the soul can cognize the world that surrounds us and itselfRead MoreExistence After Physical Death Considered1180 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition of human includes the characteristic of a unique soul or spirit associated with each physical human body and, 2) Miracles, events unexplained by men’s physical and natural laws, can occur and, 3) A substance dualist philosophy that the body including the brain is physical matter but the mind – containing our knowledge, memories, and thoughts – is not physical matter and unique to each individual. Thus it is possible that the soul/spirit, absent the physical matter of the body, could retainRead MoreWhy The Mind Body Problem1200 Words   |  5 PagesOut there, in our own world, there is a battle going on that most of us are completely unaware of, and it is all comes down to the mind-body problem. The mind-body problem is how the mind and the body interact with each other. The mind is the mental side of things; thoughts, imagination, and most importantly consciousness, whereas the body is the physical side; the make up of your brain neurons and your body. On one side of this argument we have the Materialists, and according to the Oxford DictionaryRead MoreThe Theory Of Personal Identity988 Words   |  4 Pagesidentify ourselves through our individual soul, thus supporting the same soul theory. By having the same soul, we are the same person. I will support this argument by giving a brief overview of all the theories of personal identity then stating the objection of the same soul theory using the same body and same mind theorist. Last but not least, I will then respond accordingly to the objection by stating the connection and unchanging qualities from the same soul theory. There are approximately four

Big Five Personality - 4743 Words

PERSONALITY The different ways a person reacts to in different situations and interacts with others. Most of the times we measure personality in traits a person displays. Measuring personalities has been done in the past by various people. The Big Five are broad dimensions or categories in a hierarchical sense, such that they encompass a lot without detail. We lose information, and while the Big Five factors provide useful personality descriptors they are somewhat less useful at predicting specific behaviors. So a researcher chooses a hierarchical level of analysis suited to the research being conducted. Some researchers such as Norman, Goldberg and Costa and McCrae, have developed middle level categories that provide more description or†¦show more content†¦The trait shows a preference for planned rather than spontaneous behavior. It influences the way in which we control, regulate, and direct our impulses. Conscientiousness includes the factor known as Need for Achievement. HIGHER DEGREE The five factor model of personality considers you an organized, focused and timely achiever of your goals. You plan things and follow that route strictly. You are not easy to be distracted. However, you tend to be workaholic. You are self-disciplined. You are considered confident, dutiful and reliable. You often prove a strong executive in any organization. LOWER DEGREE The five factor model of personality considers you careless, relaxed and unorganized. You don’t plan things and pursue your goals with a flexible approach. Some day you work a lot and other day you go on vacations. You are spontaneous. However, you are not considered good for projects where deadlines are to be followed. EXTRAVERSION Extraversion is characterized by positive emotions and the tendency to seek out stimulation and the company of others. The trait is marked by pronounced engagement with the external world. Extraverts enjoy being with people, and are often perceived as full of energy. They tend to be enthusiastic, action-oriented individuals who are likely to say Yes! or Lets go! to opportunities for excitement. In groups they like to talk, assert themselves, and draw attention toShow MoreRelatedBIG FIVE PERSONALITY895 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Big Five Personality Inventory The Big Five Test is a compilation of 70 questioned geared towards â€Å"measuring how accurate or inaccurate the statements pertain to you.†(Wentz) This test is considered to be an objective test measuring certain traits of the individual taking it rather than states. Traits differ from states in the sense that traits are life-long characteristics; meanwhile states are temporary characteristics of an individual. This testRead MoreThe Personality Assessment Of The Big Five Personality Essay1651 Words   |  7 PagesPersonality Assessment Introduction I found the test results of the Big Five personality assessment to be an interesting and very accurate description of myself. After completing this assessment, I was able to analyze my personality in depth. I found this information to be helpful knowledge and provide insight about myself, as well as being crucial in examining my personality traits. The big five is also referred to the OCEAN model of personality, and stands for the main traits used to describe personalitiesRead MorePersonality Traits Of The Big Five915 Words   |  4 PagesAs we all know, humans come in all shapes, sizes, and personalities. A big part of being an adult is entering the work field and finding a career. That’s where the â€Å"Big five† personality traits come in. The five traits that most employers base their tests off of are; neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. So the next time you take a pretest for employment would these would be good to keep in mind. Especially when determining if you’re a good fit forRead MoreThe Big Five Personality Traits867 Words   |  4 Pages Of the Big Five personality traits, I scored highest on neuroticism. I compared myself to my friend. My friend scored highest on extraversion. I scored lowest on extraversion, whereas my friend scored lowest on agreeableness. I was somewhat surprised at my results that my friend received. However, I was not surprised by my results. I am a typically anxious person, so I knew I would probably score high on neuroticism. However, I thought my friend would score higher on agreeableness. I don’t agreeRead MoreBig Five Personality Factors1676 Words   |  7 Pages‘’Big Five’’ Personality Factors Personality is made up of the characteristic frameworks of opinions, emotions, and demeanors that make a person distinctive. A variety of diverse concepts have arose to describe different aspects of personality. Some ideas concentrate on clarifying how personality cultivates, while others are concerned with specific variances in personality. There are four main components of personality: consistency, psychological/physiological, behaviors/actions, and multiple expressionsRead MoreThe Big Five Personality Traits1020 Words   |  5 PagesThe Big Five Personality Traits Kelly Wilson Benedictine University Organizational Behavior MGT 320-D2A5 Teresa Pavone November 06, 2015 The Big Five Personality Traits Personality traits reflect people’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Motivation is a factor that is highly dependent upon personality and because of this, managers must be able to recognize and respond to the different traits. Personality has been studied extensively throughout the years andRead MoreThe Big Five Personality Constructs1654 Words   |  7 PagesPersonality theories, or models, are metaphors for describing something which is intrinsically indescribable, the human personality. Currently, one of the most popular approaches among psychologists for studying personality theory is the Five-Factor Model (FFM) or Big Five dimensions of personality. This essay will explore the Big Five personality constructs and seek to explain how useful they are to understanding how people are likely to perform in a work situation. In conclusion, this essayRead MoreThe Big Five Dimensions Of Personality1456 Words   |  6 PagesThe Big Five Dimensions of Personality Today, many researchers consider that they are five core personality traits. Evidence of this theory has been growing over the past 50 years, beginning with the research of D. W. Fiske (1949) and later expanded upon by other researchers including Norman (1967), Smith (1967), Goldberg (1981), and McCrae Costa (1987). The big five are broad categories of personality traits. While there is a major body of literature supporting this five-factor model of personalityRead MoreThe Big Five Dimensions Of Personality1035 Words   |  5 PagesThe Big Five Dimensions of Personality 11695795 Oklahoma State University The Big Five Dimensions of Personality The Big Five Dimensions of Personality are five dimensions of personality that depict personality traits in humans. The dimensions are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. The Big Five Dimensions of Personality are used in favor of other models because of the eradication of overlapping traits. This particular model shows regularity inRead MoreBig Five Personality Traits808 Words   |  4 PagesBig five model †¢ Lewis goldberg proposed a five dimension personality model , nicknamed the big five /five factor theory. †¢ The Big Five model is a comprehensive, empirical, data-driven research finding. †¢ In psychology, the Big Five factors (Five Factor Model) of personality are five broad domains or dimensions of personality which are used to describe human personality. Big five factors are †¢ Factor I: Extraversion. †¢ Factor II: Agreeableness. †¢ Factor III:

Ellen Foster, Racism free essay sample

Racism In the book Ellen Foster by Kaye Gibbons, Ellen is a lonely child. She is in a family where she is responsible for her mothers health and receives little love from her parents. She has few outlets and is forced to suffer the many traumas of her life alone. She eventually gets away from her family only to find more unhappiness while continuing to observe the happiness of families surrounding her. And throughout the entire book she is yearning to belong and become loved. It took Ellen five moves and many hardships to find her true caregiver. But through her Journey she forms a icture in her mind of what the perfect family should be like. Simultaneously she comes to understand herself better through her friendship with her black friend Starletta. Although Ellen finally realizes that she is wrong to feel superior to blacks throughout most of the book, Ellens racism keeps her from getting a family. First, when Ellen visits Maviss family, she has grown more aware of racism but is still ignorant and fails to see that even though they have nothing physically they have everything emotionally. Maviss family was everything that Ellen wanted, but because hey were black, the thought that they could take Ellen in, never crossed her mind. Ellen begins to eavesdrop on the colored house so she can form a list of what she wants her family to be like. While she is watching Maviss family, she decides she wants one of those. Ellen thinks, l had not fgured out how to go about getting one but I had a feeling it could be got (67). She knows that she wants a family like Maviss, one that is caring and one whose members love each other. However Ellen just doesnt understand that money doesnt buy love and happiness. Then Ellen ontinues saying, l want one white with a little more money (67). All the black families she knows are poor, but so happy. The only happy white family Ellen knows is Roy and Julia. Yet Ellen still seems to insist on a white family when there are numerous black families that she could be Just as happy with if they accepted or had room for her. When Ellen sees how loving Maviss family is she envies them and wishes she could have a caring parent, yet still continues to not respect blacks. Next, when Ellen stays with Starlettas family, she encounters problems due to their race. Ellen is troubled by the fact that they are black. She goes over to Starlettas family for dinner one night and at the door Starlettas father greats her. Ellen remembers, Come into the house is what her daddy says to me and takes my package. They pay grown men to do that in the more stylish places (29). Ellen knows that Stilettos family has class. She is drawn to Stilettos house because she likes the fact that they are a loving family. She knows they will always be there for her, she just doesnt know that that is how her family should be. But because they are black, nd poor, they are not good enough for her. Ellen says, As fond as I am of all three of them I do not think I could drink after them (29). Because Ellen has been brought up in the South she is led to believe that whites are superior to blacks. Ellen continues to be confused about why Starlettas family seems to be welcoming even though they are black. Because of her beliefs Ellen feels as if blacks are like aliens. She fails to see that there is no further difference between Starletta and herself than their skin color. blacks are not as good as whites. Because she has been brought up around a racist community Ellen lacks hospitality and respect. Finally Ellen comes to an understanding with racism through her black friend, Starletta. At the end of the novel Ellen invites Starletta to spend the night at her house. Ellen is engaged in a conversation when she says, And when I thought about you I always felt glad for myself. And now I dont know why. I really dont (125). Ellen realizes that she has no reason to feel superior to Starletta. She is now aware that Starletta has always had everything Ellen has ever wanted. Starletta has a family who will love her unconditionally. She now knows that money doesnt buy happiness. Starlettas family is poor and still happy and Ellen has finally seen this. She has no reason to feel glad for herself because she is white because Starletta isnt any different because she is black. After the conversation with Starletta Ellen says, l came a long way to get here but when you think about it real hard you will see that old Starletta came even further And all this time I thought I had the hardest roe to hoe. That will always amaze me (126). Ellen closes the novel with these lines. Starletta spends the weekend at Ellens house after Ellen came to a huge new reality that Starletta has gone through so much also. Starletta and her family have had harsh weathers to push through also, and now that Ellen has realized this, she wants to make things right. After a long confusing friendship with Starletta, Ellen can finally see beyond the racist prejudices that she was brought up with. Because she can set these biases aside, Ellen realizes that it is Starletta who has had it the worst not herself. Ellen has uffered plenty abuse neglect, and a constant feeling of displacement. Starletta has suffered racial prejudice, which will take years to change. Ellen begins to realize that Starletta will not be able to overcome the things that life has handed her as easily as Ellen has herself. Through Ellens friendship with Starletta, Ellen sees beyond what she has been raised around and is capable of many more things. In conclusion Ellen traveled a long road. Ellen realized the wrong of her earlier beliefs towards blacks, but unfortunately she lost the chance of having a great family. Ellen ealized at the end of the book that whites and blacks arent different and she was wrong to think that. She has lost many opportunities to a great family through her lack or respect caused by racism. Because of the strong person Ellen is she becomes more aware of her surroundings and is capable to set aside the biases she has been raised around. This allows Ellen to continue a firm relationship with Starletta while being aware of the wrongs of the community she has grown up in. By the end of the novel Ellen has finally come face to face with racism and is able to overcome the biases she has always known.

Looking At Human Growth And Development Social Work Essay Example

Looking At Human Growth And Development Social Work Essay As a societal attention worker I have frequently learned through test and mistake what works in the existent universe, establishing my pattern on common-sense and non on abstract theories. But I recognise my positions are frequently based on sentiment and bias instead than evidence-based, peer-reviewed cognition and as Beckett suggests, our ain theories and thoughts about why people are as they are and behave as they behave, are normally rather inconsistent and arbitrary, based on our ain experience and on our ain demands ( Beckett, 2002:8 ) . Human growing and development theory is concerned with understanding how people grow and change throughout their lives, from the critical early phases to old age, and hence is indispensable for informing societal work pattern. The theory can be applied to a assortment of countries within human life and behavior including societal, cultural, emotional and psychological, and besides, moral, rational, religious and biological point of views. In this assignment I will concentrate on the psychological and cultural significance of the phases of development in relation to a 12 twelvemonth old in surrogate attention. Jake, a double heritage British male, was taken into attention 4 old ages ago following him being removed from his female parent Maggie an African Caribbean female aged 32. Jake and Maggie lived in a 3rd floor, 2 sleeping room flat in an country where drug dealing and drug related offense is common topographic point. In Jake s sleeping room he had a plastic box for his apparels and mattress on the bare floor with a pail for a lavatory as Maggie would lock him in his room when she went out. Maggie had been utilizing drugs for many old ages and her old spouse ( Jake s male parent ) introduced her to heroin 5 old ages ago. She rapidly became addicted and the relationship broke down shortly afterwards. Jake s male parent has non had any contact or attempted to do contact since the interruption up. Jake and Maggie had been known to Social Services as Maggie was a victim of domestic force and spent 4 months in a adult females s safety. We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At Human Growth And Development Social Work specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At Human Growth And Development Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Looking At Human Growth And Development Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Jake has had a figure of placement dislocations and has been unable to organize any fond regards with any of the Foster carers. Jake would frequently stool around the house and his last placement broke-down because Jake defecated in the Foster carers bed so went on to smear their sleeping room walls. Jake displayed troubles in utilizing a knife and fork and would frequently acquire frustrated and either eat with a spoon or his custodies. Maggie had been diagnosed as enduring from a terrible depression, worsened by her drug dependence. It is thought that whilst Maggie was traveling through a depressive episode she would physically mistreat Jake. Jake was frequently left on his ain for long periods whilst Maggie would be out in hunt of drugs. When she returned home Jake was subjected to emotional maltreatment and was frequently blamed by Maggie for their state of affairs. Jake has been in the fosterage system for a figure of old ages and in that clip he has non formed any meaningful fond regards. Whilst in arrangement Jake disclosed events and ideas which alerted Foster carers to the fact that there may be some unsolved issues that need to be addressed before Jake can travel on with his ain growing and development. Jake would frequently return to drawing his hair and slaming his caput on the wall if he felt he had done something incorrect and was traveling to be blamed for it. For illustration, when he by chance interrupting a cup. Jake is being assessed by CAMHs as he has been exposing behavior that indicates there may be an implicit in depressive mental wellness job. Theories of human development have produced accounts about the beginnings of mental upset in the countries of psycho-analysis and kid psychological science, from the early expansive theories of Freud and Bowlby and farther developed by Klein and Ainsworth. Freud saw psychodynamic theory as a more enlightening theoretical account in associating past psychological events to present twenty-four hours symptoms. Freud believed behavior is non ruled by witting procedures but conflicting unconscious procedures, he saw a individual s psychological procedures affecting antagonizing forces viing in an intra psychic struggle , a construct shared by many theoreticians of human growing and development. In Freud s theoretical account a kid starts life with specific basic instinctual demands, such as for nutrient or sexual satisfaction. Internally, the Idaho continually seeks to run into these demands, while the self-importance mediates between the desires of the Idaho and the restraints of the external universe, peculiarly the demands of important and powerful grownups in the kid s life, such as his female parent and instructors. Harmonizing to Freud these grownup figures are finally internalised in the signifier of the superego, or grownup scruple s. The kid s self-importance efforts to negociate the viing demands placed upon him, developing his ain distinguishable personality and come oning to adulthood ( Freud, 1949 ) . Erikson s psychosocial phases of development have Freudian psychodynamic beginnings. The thought that unconscious procedures cause struggle within worlds is besides cardinal to Erikson s theory. His staged development theoretical account is based on the thought that these intra-psychic struggles occur throughout our lives and necessitate to be resolved satisfactorily if we are to avoid psychological hurt and mental unwellness ( Erikson, 1995 ) . Erikson s psychosocial theory of human development physiques on Freud s psychodynamic theoretical account, but while Erikson accepts thoughts, such as the unconscious, he rejects constructs of the personality which are described entirely in footings of gender. Again, like Freud, Erikson believed childhood was cardinal in the development of personality, but that the personality continued to develop beyond the age of five ( Erikson, 1995 ) . Erikson s psychosocial theoretical account describes eight phases from babyhood and maturity. At each phase a individual encounters new challenges. If they are non successful in run intoing these challenges, they may re-emerge as jobs in the hereafter. However, while each phase presents new challenges, they besides provide chances to cover with the unsolved issues. In Erikson s theoretical account there is no premise that one phase has to be to the full completed or that the most favorable result has to be achieved before traveling on. In fact, he acknowledges that it is likely that everyone will hold unresolved issues from old phases and there is a favourable ratio between favorable and unfavorable results ( Erikson, 1987 ) . However, the more unsolved issues carried frontward, will hinder successful progressionaˆÂ ¦an unfavorable result in one phase makes it more hard to run into to the full the challenge of the following phase ( Beckett, 2006:42 ) . Erikson s theoretical account proposes a first phase that involves set uping a sense of trust ( 0 1 yrs. ) . If partially or wholly unsuccessful at this phase, so it will be more hard to accomplish a sense of liberty at the following phase ( 1 3 year. ) , and so more hard still to develop a capacity for enterprise in the following phase ( 3 5 year ) . The following phase in Erikson s theoretical account ( 6 11 year ) involves set uping a sense of competency and accomplishment, assurance in one s ain ability to do and make things ( Beckett, 2006: 43 ) . It is hard to reason how successful Jake was able to negociate old phases, nevertheless it has been suggested that despite hardships some kids are able to develop moderately well-balanced personalities showing resiliency and normal development under hard fortunes ( Crawford A ; Walker, 2003: 48 ) . One of the failings of Freud s and Erikson s theories of human growing and development utilizing phases as the theoretical account, is the underlying premise that everyone s lives follow these peculiar linear lines, and that we all, more or less, achieve the same mileposts at the same clip. However, we know this is seldom the instance. It appears, for case, that these theories were based entirely on a white, male Eurocentric theoretical account, and do non see specifically imposts from other civilizations or position. Baltes ( 1987 ) , for illustration, suggests human development is multidimensional, affecting biological, cognitive and societal dimensions, and multidirectional, non to be viewed as a individual fixed path which represents the norm, but as periods of changing growing and differing waies. Bowlby differs from Freud in that he saw an fond regard between kid, and female parent or primary attachment figure ( which may differ harmonizing to the societal and cultural background of household ) , as an indispensable demand in itself and non merely to run into basic demands, such as, nutrient and sex: Mother love in babyhood and childhood is as of import for mental wellness as are vitamins and proteins for physical wellness ( Bowlby, 1953 ) . Attachment theoreticians maintain that the manner we relate to other people through our lives is influenced significantly by our first relationship with our female parent or primary attachment figure ( Howe, 1995 ; Howe et Al, 1999 ) . They suggest, like Erikson and Freud, that many jobs in adulthood root from unsolved issues in these early fond regard relationships and these early relationships can determine an adults ability to organize relationships, to parent, to cover with loss, and influence mental wellness in maturity ( Bowlby, 1 990 ) . While accepting much of his work, critics of Bowlby claim he placed excessively much accent on the child/mother relationship and suggest kids may organize several fond regards which can be every bit of import ( Rutter, 1981 ; Fahlberg 1991 ) . However, kids who experience injuries are sometimes unable to come on without quashing or shuting down portion of their witting consciousness of these events. We can conceive of Jake necessitating to close out his experiences of childhood disregard and, harmonizing to Freud, automatically and unconsciously quash the events of disregard and maltreatment. We can see how barricading out these unsolved issues could emerge in the signifier of depression at some point in the hereafter. There is grounds of the societal beginnings of depression in adult females, proposing that specific life events, losingss and major long term jobs, such as childhood maltreatment, are important causes of depression ( Brown A ; Harris, 1978 ) . I feel that thi s best reflects Maggie s current state of affairs. We can conceive of Jake sing a sense of loss or maternal want ( Crawford A ; Walker, 2003 ) when faced with his female parent s depression. This is a common emotional reaction in carers of grownups with depression, the apparently most cardinal and common experience was the feeling that the individual they had known who had become sick had gone off: they had become person elseaˆÂ ¦there is the loss of the individual that was, and secondly, and more complexly, there is the experience of the loss of the old possibilities ( Jones, 1996: 98-99 ) . Although Maggie may hold experienced depression continuously before Jake s birth, it is more likely that she had periods of reprieve when her capacity for emotional heat and heed to her boy s demands was greater than during times of backsliding. The difference in the consistence and strength of a kid s attachment relationships is considered an of import factor by a figure of attachment theoreticians ( Ainsworth, 1973 ) . The theories of human growing and development discussed above suggest that Jake s experience of maltreatment as a kid may forestall him from developing into a mentally healthy grownup. He may hold automatically and unconsciously repressed the injury of these events, merely to see the mental hurt of depression in the hereafter. Jake may hold experienced physical maltreatment from an early age and failed to successfully accomplish a sense of trust or liberty or develop a capacity for enterprise while turning up. Even comparatively short periods of physical maltreatment at important phases may hold placed terrible force per unit areas on his relationship with his female parent. Jake may hold merely known his female parent as down, but their relationship may hold determined Jake s future capacity to organize relationships, for case, with surrogate carer s or at school with friends and instructors. The method of intercession in Jake s life could be usefully informed by research that links mental hurt with experiences of impotence. It has been suggested that mental hurt may be seen as utmost internalizations of impotence puting a paralysing power both over those who may see such signifiers of hurt, and those who portion their lives ( Tew, 2005: 72 ) . Using societal theoretical accounts, Tew suggests two complementary ways to understand mental hurt, internalization or moving out of nerve-racking societal experiences and a header or survival strategyaˆÂ ¦to trade with peculiar painful or nerve-racking experiences ( Tew, 2005: 20 ) . A individual s mental wellness demands may, to a certain extent, be determined by their rank of certain societal groups that experience systematic subjugation ( Fernando, 1995 ; Gomm, 1996 ) . Oppression, exclusion and impotence are the cardinal subjects of many societal theoretical accounts of mental wellness demands, related to structural inequalities in footings of age, gender, race and category and so on, and affecting households in footings of maltreatment. As societal workers we occupy a comparatively powerful place and may conspire with the systematic subjugation of black people with mental wellness demands: Factors such as subjugation, unfairness, societal exclusion or maltreatment at the custodies of powerful others may be implicated in the sequences of events that lead up to many people s experiences of mental and emotional dislocation. Power issues may besides determine the reactions that people receive from professionals and the wider community-for illustration, grounds suggests that African-Caribbean people may be more likely than many white groups to be dealt with more coercively ( Tew, 2005: 71 ) . When coming to a phase where we may be better able to understand Jake s current fortunes and doing initial judgements about the type of intercession most effectual in this instance, we need to recognize the restrictions of our penetrations and avoid the booby traps of doing noncritical premises. Tew suggests that authorization can be an built-in portion in the procedure of Jake s recovery. He outlines a theoretical account of power in footings of protection and co-operation and oppressive and conniving: In its more negative signifiers ( oppressive or conniving power ) it may be seen to play a function in building societal state of affairss which contribute to straiten or breakdownaˆÂ ¦in its more positive signifiers ( protective or co-operative power ) it starts to specify the district for effectual partnership working, anti-oppressive pattern and the enabling of recovery and societal inclusion ( Tew, 2005, p. 86 ) . Harmonizing to the psychodynamic theoretical account of human growing, Jake may hold grown up with many intra-psychic struggles which may be emerging in the signifier of a neurotic or reactive depression. He may hold many witting and unconscious demands which she has suppressed and repressed. In denying and barricading out the fulfillment of these demands, he may hold shut down countries of his consciousness which allows him to: experience emotion ; interact with others in a self-generated manner ; or see carry throughing close and intimate relationships with carer and their partner. Depending on the extent of physical maltreatment he encountered during his upbringing, it would be sensible to presume that he may hold been wholly or partially unsuccessful in: accomplishing a capacity for trust with his parent ; accomplishing liberty ; or developing a capacity for taking inaugural, as described in Erikson s psychosocial theoretical account. For these grounds, it seems likely he will h old failed to keep a healthy, consistent and sustained relationship with his female parent or other primary attachment figure in the opprobrious state of affairs he found himself. Intervention must take to turn to issues of power and impotence, both in the Foster carer/child relationship and outside it. As a adult male, as a individual with mental wellness demands, and as a member of a black or minority cultural group, Jake may see subjugation, maltreatment and societal exclusion. To turn to these issues elements of authorization and partnership should be portion of the attack with an intercession designed to turn to Jake s mental wellness demands should affect edifice on his attempts to accomplish his ain full potency. This will include his ability to organize and keep healthy relationships with others, that would decrease any dependance on formal bureaus and develop an alternate beginning of positive support and increase societal inclusion.